An alignment is considered as any general commitment between states in order to achieve mutual security goals. Its objectives are cooperation and collaboration that are broad and vague rather than narrow and explicit (Krause and Singer, 2001: 16; Snyder, 1990: 105). A coalition is characterized by the commitment of two or more states to coordinate their behavior and policies in order to perform particular functions or pursue specific goals. It is often formed during a war (Snyder, 1990: 106).

Within the balance of power politics, there is another strategy employed by states; bandwagoning. Bandwagoning refers to aligning with or joining the powerful actor toward protecting itself from fear and attack, even if this means insecurity and a certain sacrifice from its independence. In fact one can differentiate between two types of bandwagoning: defensive and offensive. In defensive bandwagoning, which is a form of appeasement, a state aligns with a threatening power to avoid being attacked. Offensive bandwagoning is alignment with a dominant state for the payoffs.

the army has three main roles in combating terrorism:

• anti terrorism: defense measures to reduce vulnerability of populations, territories, and infrastructure, information and communication systems.

• counter terrorism: offensive measures to track down, prevent, deter, and interdict terrorist activities.

• result management: measures to limit the consequences of terrorist attacks, and to stabilize the situation in the aftermath of such attacks with the support of civilian authorities.

Therefore, the correct option is B.

The argument that environmental change was a security issue pointed out for the first time in 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development, which became popularly known as the Rio Earth Summit. The Earth Summit as the largest conference brought together more than a hundred state leaders and established the Commission on Sustainable Development, which provided the political basis for the concept of sustainable development. During the 1992 Rio Earth Summit conference, world leaders highlighted a number of environmental problems including biodiversity, the growing ozone hole, pollution, desertification, and climate change. The correct option is B.

“The Science for Peace and Security (SPS) Programme promotes dialogue and practical cooperation between NATO member states and partner nations based on scientific research, technological innovation and knowledge exchange. The SPS offers funding, expert advice and support to tailor-made, security-relevant activities that respond to NATO’s strategic objectives”.

First of all, an alliance contributes to the balance of power in a given setting. Defensive alliances deter aggressive states from using military force.

A formal military alliance such as NATO usually has the purpose of collective defense, where its members pool their capabilities and launch a collective effort to protect one another against a potential outside aggressor.

Moreover, alliances help contain potential rivals. For example, the US has benefited from the alliances to contain the Soviet Union (later Russia), China, Iran, and other states that are perceived to be threatening the American political, military, and economic interests. Alliances also provide the means to keep the allies under control through restricting their interaction with potential rivals.

Furthermore, alliances enhance the military power of its members. The military strength of an alliance naturally enhances the national power in terms of personnel, military equipment, defense spending, high technology, intelligence sharing, and financial resources.

Finally, alliances provide the members with cost-effective options in pursuing national security interests through pooling the military capabilities and sharing the financial burdens. Otherwise, the members would be forced to extensively increase their defense spending and conscript many people that may ultimately strain the workforce. For minor powers, alliances have increasingly become a means not only to acquire essential military benefits but also to achieve various nonmilitary objectives such as diplomatic support, technology transfer, economic aid, and trade privileges.

Complex Interdependence is a theory developed by Keohane and Nye (1977) for explaining economic interdependence between states. The theory focuses on dependent relations between states in all dimension of security and underlines the importance of cooperation for international community under the international organizations and regimes. Furthermore, it assesses the high costs of military security in the face of institutionalization and cooperation for human security. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Disease, Poverty, Food Security Natural Disaster, Violence are related to the human security approach whereas Interstate War, Nuclear Weapons are associated with the traditional security approach. 

Members of OPEC (as of March 2019): Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Libya (1962), the United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973), Gabon (1975), Angola (2007), Equatorial Guinea (2017), Congo (2018). The correct answer is B.

The Energy Community is an “international organization which brings together the European Union and its neighbors to create an integrated pan-European energy market. The key objective of the Energy Community is to extend the EU internal energy market rules and principles to countries in South East Europe, the Black Sea region and beyond on the basis of a legally binding framework. The correct answer is D.

“The World Energy Council’s definition of energy sustainability is based on three core dimensions: energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability. These three goals constitute a ‘trilemma’, entailing complex interwoven links between public and private actors, governments and regulators, economic and social factors, national resources, environmental concerns, and individual behaviors. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The Zealots and its fanatic group the Sicarii, a Jewish sect, had undertaken terrorist acts- they are known as the first terrorist groups in history. Their fighting movement Zelaotry, which means conservatism and bigotry, is used to define any member (Zealot) and the movement itself of an ancient Jewish sect which aimed to struggle for Jewish world of theocracy and resistance to the Romans until 70 A.D.

OPEC is a permanent intergovernmental organization that was formed at the Baghdad Conference, held on September 10-14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Today, with 14 Member Countries, “OPEC’s objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry”. Therefore, the correct option is A.

The right of self-defense is enshrined in Article 51 of the UN Charter. Article 51 provides that “nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.” Therefore, the correct option is C.

The US list of rouge states: Iraq, Iran, Syria, Libya, Cuba, North Korea, and Sudan are the rouge states from the perspective of the American government (see CIA, 2003). Therefore, the correct option is C.

Responsibility to protect was endorsed at the 2005 UN World Summit.