It's World Trade Center Attack in the US that caused the greatest number of deaths and injuries and changes in security policies

Realism and liberalism are mentioned as classical theories while neorealism and neoliberalism are mentioned as their contemprorary alternatives.

The English School’s theory of International Relations is posited on several sets of principles. The first of these sets relates to the three kinds of order always influencing the world simultaneously: The first is the International System or social order, the second one is International Society or order between states in a system or society of states. The third is World Society—from Kantian philosophy regarding the liberal aspects of the state system. The correct option is C.

In the international system units are defined as independent and political entities.

It is Empirical Feminism that especially focuses on women or examines gender as a specific dimension of IR.

The concepts of (a) the strong sovereign (the “Leviathan”), (b) sovereign states, and (c) the social contract       were three of Hobbes’s important contributions to realism. As also onderstood from the information given, the correct answer is C.

Information related to the other two options as follows;

Politics as a non-zero-sum game:  The current international system includes aspects of idealism. There are communities and cooperation, often expressed in modern international institutions such as the European Union, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, or the North     Atlantic Treaty Organization. Idealism bases elements of its theory on politics as a non-zero-sum game; states can benefit by cooperating with other states, and by tolerating difference. Mutual     gains, especially economic and security gains, then become more meaningful and significant than entering conflicts with other states.  

A Self-Help System: There are two basic principles underlying neorealism: first, the international system’s ordering principle is anarchy: there is no such thing as a world power superior to states. This results in an international system that is essentially a self-help system, with autonomous states that are functionally similar actors, each of which must always be prepared to defend or protect itself.

Classical liberalism emerged as a response to the Industrial Revolution and urbanization in the 19th century in Europe and the United States, a time when dehumanizing aspects of the social order were of concern to many. It was also a turn away from the traditional central focus of International Relations, the development of sovereign states. As also understood from the information givent, the correct answer is D. The information taking place in the fourth option is related to realism. To Morgenthau, realism is a power politics theory. That is, it focuses on how power contributes to a variety of political outcomes and to a        state’s  security, and by its assumptions, concludes there can be little security for any weak state (one with little power).

I is incorrect and II is correct because Groupthink occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures leadto a deterioration of “mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment.”

III. is incorrect because Groups affected by groupthink tend to take irrational actions

IV & VA are correct because group is especially vulnerable to groupthink when its members are similar in background, when the group is insulated from outside opinions, and when there are no clear rules for decision making

After World War I, appearance of the new great Powers like the USA and Japan indicated the end of the European hegomony

The answer A since Bulgaria is one of the countries that signed Warsaw Pact.

The conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia signaled the creation of the system of states in 1648.

Critical theorists made their approach distinctive from the more traditional ones: Critical theorists deny that there is a natural reality, apart from human beings. Nothing, they argue, can be objectively true or false; indeed, there is no such thing as truth. They also place no value on scientific and technological advances for human progress. Reason and logic too are merely conceptual, and are therefore valid only within the established intellectual traditions in which they are used. However, The English School does not argue against the necessity of the state in world affairs, nor does it deny anarchy. The correct answer is D.

Critical theory, constructivist theory and feminist theory are given under the heading of postmodern theories of international relations.

The absence of war in Europe was not a limitation but a good thing after the long Napoleon wars. Germany was quite weak so Bismarck helped Germany to gain strength in this way. But his system was not stable and a web of complex relations among the other nations; so, it was not possible to maintain the same system after Bismarck. Besides, Bismarck's system led France and Russia into an imperialistic competition, which would create a conflict among the other states. Therefore, III and IV were the limitations of the Bismarckian system.

An alliance’s mission, unlike that of a general international organization, is one of “Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno.” (one for all, all for one).

Each bloc did not remain equal because there was a growing competiton between the bloc leaders. Besides, each leader was not contended within their own territory because leaders of each bloc tried to spread their influence beyond their own limits. Under the light of this information, III and IV are not among the characteristics of the Cold War.

We start with the Peace of Westphalia that ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648. It is from this peace settlement that modern international politics derived its fundamental characteristics:  the rise of the territorially-conceived sovereign state and the beginning of the state-system in Europe.  Furthermore, it paved the way for the development of crucial instruments such as diplomacy, international congresses, and international law that still constitute the core of International Relations.  As it can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is D. The international system itself as well as its principles, instruments, and political units have been undergoing constant change since the Peace of Westphalia. In other words, the nature of the international system’s principles, instruments and political units is subject to changes.

External debt is not mentioned at all.

The discipline of International Relations studies many issues from individual behavior to organizational learning, from NGOs to lobbies; it, however, is focused on a systemic understanding of how states behave.

Even though every European state appeared at the Congress of Vienna,    final     decisions ultimately made by the four major powers: Austria, Britain, Prussia and Russia. They focused on particularly on territorial rearrangements in Europe. To ease their security concerns, they abolished new political units created by Napolean. As also understood from the information given the correct answer is D.