Realizing that their armies had only limited power because tax resources proved so little, European states discovered that cooperation was cheaper and a more effective way to maximize their interests. Thus, the fast development of a central mechanism for the functioning of the international system: diplomacy. The correct answer is A.

It is the balance of power theory which holds that the extreme concentration of power in the hands of a single actor provokes countervailing actions.

Bismarck’s diplomacy was one of the main reasons for the absence of war in Europe from 1871 to 1914. The correct answer is A.

These three (homelessness, disease, displacement) can be a direct result of a natural disaster.

The Peace of Westphalia incorporated the Treaties of Munster and Osnabruck that officially ended the Thirty Years War in 1648.

I. is correct because the book says No superior power is accepted,

II. is correct because the book says the claims of independence is recognized by other states.

III. is correct because the book says hegemonic states can constrain the actions of other states and set rules for the world.

IV. is correct because the book says So, they have a direct effect on the external affairs of states.

International relations as a distinct field of study began in Britain. International Relations emerged as a formal academic discipline in 1919, just after the end of World War I, with the founding of the first International Relations professorship: the Woodrow Wilson Chair at Aberystwyth, University of Wales (now Aberystwyth University), endowed by David Davies. Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service is the oldest International Relations faculty in the United States, founded in 1919. In the early 1920s, the famed London School of Economics Department of International Relations was founded at the behest of Nobel Peace Prize winner Philip Noel-Baker: this was the first institute to offer a wide range of degrees in the field. This was rapidly followed by establishment of International Relations at universities in the United States and in Geneva, Switzerland. The creation of the posts of Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and at Oxford gave further impetus to the academic study of international relations. Furthermore, the International History department at the London School of Economics developed a focus on the history of International Relations in the early modern, colonial and Cold War periods. The first university entirely dedicated to the study of International Relations was the Graduate Institute of International Studies (now the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies), which was founded in 1927 to form diplomats associated to the League of Nations. The Committee on International Relations at the University of Chicago was the first to offer a graduate degree, in 1928. In 1965, Glendon College and the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs were the first institutions in Canada to offer an undergraduate and a graduate program in international studies and affairs, respectively.

As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is C. The statements in the option I “International relations as a distinct field of study began in Britain and International Relations emerged as a formal academic discipline in 1919 at Aberystwyth, University of Wales (now Aberystwyth University).”, in the option III “In the early 1920s, the famed London School of Economics Department of International Relations, the first institute to offer a wide range of degrees in the field, was founded.”, in the option V “The Committee on International Relations at the University of Chicago was the first to offer a graduate degree, in 1928.” and in the option VI “In 1965, Glendon College and the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs were the first institutions in Canada to offer an undergraduate and a graduate program in international studies and affairs, respectively.” are correct. The statement in the option II “The University of Chicago’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service is the oldest International Relations faculty in the United States, founded in 1919.”  is not correct because of the fact that Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service is the oldest International Relations faculty in the United States, founded in 1919. The statement in the option VI “The first university entirely dedicated to the study of International Relations was the Graduate Institute of International Studies (now the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies) which was founded in 1928.” is not correct, either. “The first university entirely dedicated to the study of International Relations was the Graduate Institute of International Studies (now the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies) which was founded in 1927.”

As of 2016, the United States provided about 22% of the funding for the United Nations, while other top contributors include Japan, China, Germany, and Great Britain.

Analysis at the state level explores how the structure and operations of a government affect decisions and policies.

I. is correct because The type of government matters (the continuum from liberal democracy to authoritarian state),

II is correct because as does the kind of situations the state faces (crisis versus non-crisis),

III is correct because the kinds of policies under consideration, and the impact the policies could have domestically and on interstate or international relations. 

IV. is correct because the bureaucracies (career political personnel and their offices) function can be significant.

V is correct because One cannot ignore the influences of interest groups and legislatures, either.

The foremost classical theories are realism and idealism/liberalism. Contemporary alternative theories are neorealism, neoliberalism, and the “English School” of thought. On the other hand, three of the more well-known postmodern International Relations theories are Critical Theory, Constructivism, and Feminism. The correct answer is D.

The majör unit of analysis from a Marxist perspective is Class.

Realpolitik is a 19th   century German term, indicating the adoption of limited objectives that have a fair chance of success. The correct answer is A. The definitons for the terms taking place in the other options as follows:

Power is defined as the capability to induce or force another to comply with one’s wishes: either to start or continue an activity, or to cease that behavior.

Neorealism is also called “structural realism” because it emphasizes the design and structure of the world system rather than stressing man’s natüre and the states as units, as realism does.

Marxism is a school of thought inspired by the writings of Karl Marx, and refined by V. I. Lenin and others.   

Epistemology: the study ofmknowledge and justified belief. As the study of knowledge, epistemology is concerned with the following questions: What are the necessary and sufficient conditions of knowledge? What are its sources? What is its structure, and what are its limits? How is knowledge justified? Epistemology addresses issues having to do with the creation and dissemination of knowledge in areas of inquiry. It examines “how we know what we think we know”

The British crossed from Canada to the United States and burned the supply ship, Caroline.

This is the famous phrase from the Melian Dialogue in Thucydides’ work, the History of the Peloponnesian Wars.

Emancipation: freedom from power, domination, and influence of others over a person or society. The correct answer is c.

It's the Peace of Westphalia that modern international politics derived its fundamental characteristics

Although other institutions were first in founding the first professorship, offering a wide range of degrees, or entirely concentrating on IR, the University of Chicago was the first to offer a graduate degree in 1928.

According to Bull, an international system has three defining characteristics:
1. First, it requires the presence of multiple sovereign states.
2. Second, regular relations and interactions of these states must exist as a part of a system.
3. Third, these states must act while being bound by shared rules and norms that bring them together.
(Bull, 1995: 225)
From this assessment, we can conclude that the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 constituted the starting point of the international system: Europe adopted a specific kind of sovereignty and regular interactions among mutually-recognized sovereign states emerged. The correct answer is D.

It is the replacement of every European autocracy by constitutional regime