Morgenthau and Mearsheimer are prominent realists, whereas Wendt is constructivist and Bull is from the English School. Habermas has been a prolific scholar who belongs to the Frankfurt school of thought.

The very nature of the Westphalian system is anarchy, which is the lack of a central authority in the international system.

Liberal theory (idealism) was also formulated in the 16th century and forward. Thus, realism was not the sole theory International Relations scholars took up. Classical liberalism is a political philosophy and an ideology in which primary emphasis is placed on securing the freedoms of the individual by limiting the power of the government. Classical liberalism is built on ideas that had already arisen by the end of the 18th century, such as selected concepts of Adam Smith, John Locke, Jean-Baptiste Say, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo. Idealism promotes toleration, reason and progress, equality before the law, and an open economy. It suggests that states will search for long-term mutual gains instead of short-term individual gains—if their security and sovereignty are not significantly diminished or threatened. Idealism’s terms underlie liberal political thought.

As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is D. The statements in the options I, II, IV, V and VI are correct. The statement in the option III is not correct. Classical liberalism is built on ideas that had already arisen by the end of the 18th century, such as selected concepts of Adam Smith, John Locke, Jean-Baptiste Say, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo.

The United Kingdom was the hegemonic power in the nineteenth century.

One of the oldest and most widely accepted political theories is realism. There are several theorists and their works that are regarded as classics of realism. Many date realism’s initial formulation back to the writer Thucydides in his History of the Peloponnesian Wars (341-301 BCE).Thucydides wrote his  masterwork as a disgraced general, sometimes from second-hand sources, of the events of the Peloponnesian  War.   Hobbes are considered by some    experts to be the forefathers of today’s realist approaches to IR. As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is B. John Locke and Adam Smith were two who had significant influence on the assumptions of idealism, the foundation of classical liberalism.

The book notes that "States therefore form a counterbalancing alliance against common threats that they percieve from another state or a coalition of states." meaning that states unite against any kind of threat.

The main points of neoliberalism include:

• The rule of the market—freedom for capital, goods and services, where the market is self-regulating allowing the trickle-down notion of wealth distribution.
• Reducing public expenditure for social services, such as health and education, by the government
• Deregulation, to allow market forces to act as a self-regulating mechanism • Privatization of public enterprise (from water to the Internet)

In this respect, item II is not correct. The correct option is C.

The (United) Kingdom of Netherlands was established after the Napoleonic wars, whereas other states existed in 1812, as students can see at Figure 2.9 on page 47 of the textbook.

Breslin and Christou (2015) offer the idea that the 1994 report was purposely vague, so as not to upset the various stakeholders on the fiftieth anniversary of the United Nations. Nonetheless, they point out, security has many elements, such as economic security, food, security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security and political security.  As also understood from the information given the correct answer is E.

In A, B, C,and D, thousands of people have died. E is about cybercrime

The Peace of Westphalia did not entirely end the relious wars

Except the power accumulation all the others are considered important by liberals

Even though every European state appeared at the Congress of Vienna, final decisions ultimately were made by the four major powers: Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia. They focused particularly on territorial rearrangements in Europe. To ease their security concerns, they abolished new political units created by Napoleon.

When the study of International Relations first began in modern times (1930s and forward), it was largely considered a theoretical discipline. The first two foundational volumes were, indeed, theoretically inclined: E.H. Carr’s The Twenty Years’ Crisis (1939) and Hans Morgenthau’s Politics Among Nations (1948). These were formative in the development of the theory of realism, as had been the prior works of Thucydides (The Peloponnesian Wars, in the mid-300s BCE), Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan, 1651) and Niccolò Machiavelli (The Prince, 1532). 

The book description is the following:

Actions and strategies that countries, states and alliances take to make the world safe for all.

In the late 18th century, Europe witnessed two significant developments that had a frofound impact on World politics. First in the second half of the century Great Britain was the setting fort he Industrial Revolution . New Industrial Technologies and overseas markets paved the way for a global economic transformation. The second development was the political revolotuion in France. During the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century. France became the center for new ideas, especially liberty, citizenship equality, fraternity, and patriotism. Against a background of a severe economic crisis, military reversals, and a series of poor harvests, the French Revolution began in 1789. It first sought to end the absolutist rule of Louis XVI and the vicious feudal system of estates or castes. The French Revolution had far-reaching consequences.  As understood from the information given the correct answer is A. The other hand, the Peace of Westphalia incorporated the treaties of Münster and Osnabrück that officially ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648. German Unification was accomplished in 1871 through Bismarck’s successful foreign policy. In January 1919, the Paris Peace Conference convened to negotiate peace agreements that would shape the new international system.

Nato was formed for countries to agree to defend each other in the case of an external attack. Therefore, D is correct.

It's power a state may have and use to achieve certain purposes