Regionalization processes produce interdependence between states in the emerging area. Members of different regions, however, have different degrees of interaction and interdependence among themselves. Some participate merely in regional dialogue or regional cooperation, while others promote deep integration with common policies, laws, and institutions. In regions with relatively deep integration, one can observe the emergence of governance at the regional level. This governance entails new regional regimes, regional economies, and supranational regional political systems.

The answer is A.

New regionalism is believed to owe its emergence to the transformations in the international system: the end of bipolarity, the decline of US hegemony, the emergence of a fragile multipolar world order, the growing interdependence between states, and the increased pace of globalization. States participate in the regionalization efforts voluntarily to manage the challenges of global transformations. Regionalism is one of those few instruments that are available to states as they work to cope with the challenges of globalization. In this context, for states, regionalism can also become a means to regain some control over the globalization process. One, therefore, can conclude that new regionalism and the rise of regions can be considered not only a result of, but also a reaction to, globalization. While the other choices (B, C, D, and) are individual problems related to globalization, they are not strong enough as single items to be cause of regionalism. Choice A covers all these issues under an umbrella.

Law itself arose in prehistoric times, emerging from custom, certainly as early as the Cuneiform Laws in 2350 BCE, the Code of Hammurabi in 1700 BCE, and the Laws of Moses, particularly the Ten Commandments, dating perhaps as far back as the Exodus from Egypt in roughly 1540 BCE and certainly codified during the period of the Babylonian exile. There were the law books of Manu in India, the Legalist School of China, and the extensive laws of the Aztecs and the Incas in the Americas. As civilizations emerged, so did law.

The term invisible hand is a metaphor for how, in a free market economy, self-interested individuals operate through a system of mutual interdependence to promote the general benefit of society at large. The correct answer is E. 

It was Metternich of Austria who dominated European diplomacy between 1815-1848 with his Concert-of-Europe policies. Therefore, the first half of the 19^th century can be easily labelled as the Metternich System.

Cybercrime includes a relatively new form of the Internet called the dark net. Criminal behavior occurs anonymously without the same risk of detection. Activities such as illegal arms sales, human trafficking, illegal drug trafficking, child pornography and other illicit behavior all may occur in this space. Cyber criminals also use tools such as malware to dispatch viruses that interfere
with operation systems. Ransom ware, another tool, locks computers, and then the criminals demand money to unlock the files.

Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom joined the European Community on January 1, 1973, raising the number of member states to nine. The correct answer is C.

"The duty to negotiate means that there exists a duty to reach an agreement." is not true, on the contrary, the duty to negotiate does not mean that there exists a duty to reach an agreement.

Doctors Without Borders (Médecins sans Frontières-MSF) is a well-known international nongovernmental organization composed of a variety of medical professionals and specialists. They not only provide medical care “on the ground” in conflict zones such as Syria and Afghanistan, they work to gain donations of vital medical supplies, medications, hard equipment like incubators, prostheses, braces, medical beds, and the like. 

For the Monist View, In the case of a conflict
of rules, some argue that international law
is superior over the municipal rules, but
others differ. The Answer is B.

In the book, it is stated that the Peace of Augsburg sought peaceful coexistence between Roman Catholics and Protestants. Since this is a religious conflict, D is not correct. The new coalition was formed following the Peace of Ausburg. Islam and the dominance of Roman Catholics is not mentioned at all.

International organizations of all types act as part of global governance to address the most basic of concerns: security, freedom, order, justice, and
welfare. They attempt to reproduce internationally the results governments achieve at home. They are of importance when states are unable to meet all the needs of their citizens (for a variety of reasons), or decline to meet those needs, or when people are unsettled because of conflict, are victims of natural disasters, are economically disadvantaged, or are victims of human trafficking.

Functionalism assumes that the provision of common needs may unite peoples transnationally, across territorial or regional boundaries, making them eventually meaningless. Functionalism assumes that there are specific, near-universal needs and services, and further assumes there is unity of interests in security, freedom, order, justice, and welfare. These, as ‘enmeshment’ (interdependence)
increased, would result in international integration.

Today, the United States accounts for almost a quarter of the world’s global Gross Domestic Product.

The answer is A.

The 1969 Vienna Convention defines “treaty” as “an international agreement concluded between states in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation.” While the rules of customary international law are binding upon all states, treaty provisions are binding only on their parties as the consent of the states to a treaty is required. The correct answer is E.

The 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States declares in Article 1: The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications:
• a permanent population;
• a defined territory;
• government; and
• capacity to enter into relations with the other states

The correct answer is A.

Floods, tsunamis, earthquakes and hurricanes can create threats to human security and have long-lasting effects on individuals, communities, and countries. Though a natural disaster is not an act of war, nor is it one state invading another, the devastation in the aftermath of an earthquake
can destroy security for hundreds of thousands of people.
Homelessness, disease, and displacement can all be a direct result of a natural disaster. Such disasters threaten a local community but also the neighboring community. Security, then, is more than merely the absence of conflict.
A United Nations University article by Futamura (2011) Bottom of Formreflects on the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004, Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the Haiti earthquakes in 2010, and earthquakes and tsunamis in east Japan during 2011. These natural disasters hurt the local community and threatened the security of the community and the affected states.

From the sixteenth to the late eighteenth centuries the dominant paradigm in the world economy was mercantilism. Among the variants of mercantilism are: étatism, statism, state-led development, neomercantilism, and economic nationalism. The correct answer is E. 

Epistemic communities were very involved in the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (1948) and its subsequent modifications and discussion rounds. The correct answer is C.