Civil courts of first instance, which are the courts that resolve disputes initially, are established
as either general jurisdiction courts or specialized courts. General jurisdiction courts are established with the Law regarding Establishment, Jurisdiction and Powers of Civil and Criminal Courts of First Instance and Circuit Courts of Appeals (no. 5235),and they are comprised of civil courts of general jurisdiction (asliye hukuk mahkemeleri) and civil courts of peace (sulh hukuk mahkemeleri).

According to the Civil Code, there are five specific grounds for divorce: 1. Adultery 2. Plots against life, grave assaults and insults 3. Crime and dishonorable life 4. Desertion 5. Mental illness. Alimony is not one of them. Therefore, the corret option is E.

In Turkey, if spouses do not make a choice, they will automatically be subject to the legal matrimonial property system, which is "participation in the acquired property". Unless the spouses agree upon a different regime, the acquired property that each spouse acquires during the marriage is shared equally when the marriage comes to an end with whatever reason. The concept of acquired property is important. According to article 219 of the Civil Code, acquired property comprises the assets which a spouse has required for valuable consideration during the matrimonial property regime.

The correct answer is C.

Freedom to to terminate the contract every time you want is not subtype of contractual freedom.

Specialized courts are the courts established by various statutes and they have jurisdiction in actions with the specific subject matter they are established for. There are seven specialized courts in civil judiciary:

(1) Cadastral courts
(2) Labor courts
(3) Compulsory enforcement courts
(4) Consumer courts
(5) Civil Courts of Intellectual and industrial
property rights
(6) Family courts
(7) Commercial courts

For a person to have tortuous liability, the following requisites should be met:

1. Act: First of all, there must be an act. It may be a positive act (for example, to
stab another person) or an act of omission (for example, a night nurse sleeping and not giving the medicine and care to the patients). 

2. Unlawfulness: Unlawfulness is the avoidance of the compulsory legal rules that safeguard a person in her person and/ or property.

3. Fault (culpa): Fault is either a willful act or a negligent act. A person cannot have fault, as a rule, unless he/she has the ability to make fait judgments. A willful act is an act in which the person committing the act knows the results of the act and actually to achieve these results. A negligent act is an act, and the person committing it or could have known the results if she was careful enough, but actually does not want the result, however does not take care to prevent it. 

If there is a crimal, there is fault, but the criminal intent does not cover all the cases of fault; There are also faults that are not criminal.

4. Damage: It is the loss either given to a person or to his property or both. A person
claiming damages must prove the loss he/ she is suffering from. There are two main types of damages; material damage and immaterial (moral) damage.

5. Proximate causal relation: There must be a proximate causal relation between the unlawful act and the damages. In other words, the damage should be result of the unlawful act.

A joint stock company must have the following three organs to function: a General Assembly as the decision-making organ, a Board of Directors that represents the corporation, and Statutory Auditors that perform internal and external auditing of the corporation. 

The correct answer is A. 

Code of Obligations includes general part and the specific types of contracts part. So the answer is 2.

All choices except D, exist in Turkish juridicial system.

Contractual freedom may be summarized as five different types of sub-freedoms: 1. Freedom to enter into a contract 2. Freedom to choose the other party of a contract 3. Freedom of form 4. Freedom to withdraw a contract 5. Freedom to choose the type and subjectmatter of a contract. Therefore, the correct option is D.

There are five main sub branches of civil law;

1. Law of persons

2. Family law

3. Law of Succession

4. Law of Property

5. Law of obligations

Commercial, financial and capital markets are not among the new issues. Therefore, the correct option is D.

The Turkish Commercial Code specifies the legal actions that one can file in cases of unfair competition. One of them is the action for declaratory relief, which advises that a person who is injured or is in danger of suffering damages can ask for a judgement on the “unfairness” of the act. The correct answer is D.  

The administrative office of the court does the job.

If a debtor becomes insolvent, in order to avoid or escape bankruptcy, she may resort to
composition agreements. Even if the debtor is not eligible for bankruptcy, she may resort to
composition agreement. Composition agreements are debt restructuring agreements between the
debtor and her creditors.

There are three types of composition agreements:

(1) Simple composition agreement
(2) Composition in bankruptcy
(3) Composition by way of abandonment

The personality of a real person begins with birth. According to article 28 of the Civil Code:“Personality right begins on the birth of the living child.

Alternative dispute resolution methods are means for the parties of the dispute to resolve the dispute among them rather than resorting to litigation mostly involving a neutral and independent third party. There are a number of institutional ADR methods implemented in civil procedure. ADR methods in currently implemented in Turkey may be divided into two broad categories, which are conciliation (uzlaştırma) and mediation (arabuluculuk). Conciliation power of the lawyers set out by the Law of Lawyers is the most important example of conciliation; and the Law on Mediation in Civil Disputes numbered 6235 (LMCD) is the Statute that regulates institutional mediation in Turkey. The correct answer is C.

Court opinions are not statutes and they are secondary sources of civil procedure law.

There are seven specialized courts in civil judiciary: (1) Cadastral courts (2) Labor courts (3) Compulsory enforcement courts (4) Consumer courts (5) Civil Courts of Intellectual and industrial property rights (6) Family courts (7) Commercial courts. Therefore, the correct option is B.