Modern criminal law is governed by a number of principles including the non-retroactivity principle which requires that "a person should not be convicted or punished except in accordance with a previously declared offense".

The correct answer is A.

Be intelligent is not element of capacity to act. Another ist element of capacity to act.

Civil law has its roots mainly in Roman law. Turkey is also a civil law, in other words continental law country. Anglo-Saxon law (not civil law) draws abstract rules from specific cases. Statement (III) is wrong. The correct answer is C.

The acquired property of a spouse comprises:

1. The proceeds from his or her employment

2. Benefits received from social security, social welfare institutions and staff welfare schemes,

3. Compensation obtained for inability to work,

4. Income derived from his or her own individual property,

5. Property acquired to replace acquired property.

On the other hand, a spouse’s individual
property comprises:

1. Personal items used exclusively by that spouse,

2. Assets belonging to one spouse at the beginning of the matrimonial property regime or acquired later at no cost by inheritance or otherwise (for example, donation),

3. Immaterial (moral) compensation,

4. Acquisitions that replace individual property.

Civil procedure doesn’t interested in crimes; crimes are contents of criminal law. Others are true.

Incitement and assistance are the forms of complicity in criminal law systems.

Turkish former Code of Civil Procedure which was effective from 1927 to 2011 was adopted from Switzerland.

Sentence I is false, because interpretation stops when a text is clear. And also sentence II is false, because according to the historical interpretation, judges have the duty to search for what the legislature meant when enacting the text.

Liability of loyalty is one of the liability of engagement.

Property from previous engagements is not among the acquired property of a spouse. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Article 56 explicitly lists those who are entitled to bring a court action in cases of unfair
competition. Accordingly the following can take the following legal actions:

i. Persons whose economic interest are damaged or jeopardized: Any person whose
economic interests are damaged or endangered by unfair competition is entitled to claim remedies against unfair competition. Every competitor who has suffered damages is entitled to take a legal action.

ii. Customers whose economic interests are infringed: Customers have the standing to sue
only where their economic interests are injured. For customers to have a cause of action there must be actual damages. Prospective damages is not sufficient.

iii. Professional or economic associations: Professional and economic associations such as chambers of commerce, unions, consumer associations etc. established to safeguard the economic interests of their members are only entitled to bring actions for declaratory relief, prohibition, and termination of unfair competition.

There are two types of procedure sets in civil procedure: written procedure and simplified
procedure. The written procedure is the principle procedure.

In written procedure, there are five separate stages of action. The court is not permitted to
commence a stage before completing the previous one. The stages of the action in civil procedure are:

(1) Pleadings
(2) Preliminary examination
(3) Trial
(4) Oral arguments
(5) The judgment

Deduction means reasoning that moves fromgeneral premises, which are known or presumed to be known, to certain conclusions. Induction, by contrast, is reasoning that moves from specific cases to more general, but uncertain, conclusions.

"Offering customers a flexible menu of products and services without tying one product to another", in other words, offering independent products to customers, is an example of fair competition. The correct answer is D.

Germany is occasionally referred to as the land of Rechtswissenschaft, which literally means “legal science”. Germany is, therefore, known for its seemingly relentless legal conceptualism and systematization. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

The traditional defence of coercion covers situations where the defendant has been forced by another to break the law under a direct threat of death or serious personal injury to himself/herself or someone else. The correct answer is A.