Socialism: Socialism emerged after rapid impoverishment of a vast majority of people due to industrialization in the 19th century, as working class formed an ideological construction. In other words, socialism emerged “as a critique of liberal market society and was defined by its attempt to offer an alternative to industrial capitalism” (Heywood, 2003: 85).

Social institution refers to arrangements involving large numbers of people whose behaviors are guided by norms and roles. A social institution is a socially organized social behavior pattern that reflects the established appearance of the society, which are continuously repeated, maintained and approved by the social norms. Neither the society nor the members of the society obtain themselves incidentally. Most of our activities are structured, regular, continuous and repetitive. Social structure is composed of these social actions of and the interactions among the members of the society. In social life, there are phenomena different than physical sciences examine. These phenomena are known as social facts or social reality. Social facts are created collectively by society. They are exterior, inevitable and limiting for the individuals. A status is the rank, the position that one holds in the society. Anybody may occupy the status of a son or a daughter, a husband or a wife, a teacher, or a mother. Statuses are divided into two basic types. These are ascribed and achieved status. Society expects specific behaviors from people who hold specific statuses and these expected behaviors are called “roles”. Roles are composed of the rights and assignments appropriate to the social status. The correct answer is Choice D.

The major features of the social democratic stance are the following:

• Social democracy endorses liberaldemocratic principles and accepts that political change can and should be brought about peacefully and constitutionally.
• Capitalism is accepted as the only reliable means of generating wealth; socialism therefore, is not qualitatively different from capitalism.
• Capitalism is nevertheless viewed as morally defective, particularly as a means for distributing wealth; capitalism is associated with structural inequality and poverty.
• The defects of the capitalist system can be rectified by the state through a process of economic and social engineering; the state is the custodian of public or common interest.
• The nation-state is a meaningful unit of political rule, in the sense that states have a significant capacity to regulate economic and social life within their own borders”
• By redefining itself, social democracy gained power in the second half of the 20th century against neoliberalism in continental Europe. However, at the start of the 21st century, these achievements have weakened. Social democracy could not adapt itself over neoliberalism in terms of changing social and economic conditions, and because of the hegemonic policies of neoliberalism, social democracy declined.

Therefore, the correct option is D.

There are certain principles which are valid not only for physical or natural scientists but also for social scientists. These can be briefly summarised as value freedom, objectivity, the use of evidence, the use of scientific research methods, the capacity of being tested.

B

In the Dictionary of Sociology (Marshall, 1998), political science is defined as an academic discipline which examines power and distribution of power in various types of political systems. The correct answer is C.

In other words, traditional authority is the power legitimized through respect for long-established cultural patterns.

Sociologists live in the society they investigate, they have families, they work in the work places, they are a part of the economy. They cannot completely isolate themselves from the society. In addition, what people say and do is the basis of the research subject of sociology. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

In functionalist approach, society is evaluated in terms of basic needs. The correct answer is D. 

Conservatism, similar to other modern ideologies, emerged in the 18th century as a consequence of political and social environment and culture medium regarding Enlightenment thought.

In the functionalist approach, society is evaluated in terms of basic needs. State has emerged as a necessity within the society.  Thus the answer is E. 

Symbolic interactionists have often been criticized for focusing on small-scale, face-to-face interactions and not referring to their relationship to historical and social context. On the other hand, structural functionalism received harsh criticism because of the following reasons: Unrealistically presenting society as a functional unity by too much focusing on the social order problem; ignoring conflicts and similar factors that divide modern societies of the 20th century; and not giving enough importance to the role of actions and agents of these actions in social life by prioritizing the systems and their need. The correct answer is A. 

The word “authoritarian” is used to describe a person or system which is oppressive”.

Individuals learn how the world perceives them, and they tend to adopt the same perspective. Ultimately, the self that the individual
develops widely depends on how people define their status in society.

With the technological changes in the 20th century, a new type of society emerged. In the post industrial society, the majority of the production shifted from industrial production to service sector. The service sector, including communication, health, banking and insurance had a larger proportion in industry than before. Pastoral societies are the societies in which the gain of livelihood is based on domesticated livestock such as cattle or sheep. Agrarian societies are the societies of small rural communities which are engaged in agriculture. The correct answer is Choice E.

Functionalists argue that just like a biological system, a social system also has basic needs to be met.

Heywood underlines that liberalism has a distinctive set of values and beliefs, namely the individual, freedom, reason, justice, and toleration and diversity. In the understanding of liberalism, the individual and individual rights are in the forefront. Freedom is essential in terms of people’s freedom of speech, belief, political and economic realms that are foreseen and constitutionally guaranteed. Contemporary liberalism prevails a field that is independent from the state and redefining the state in these terms; in other words, freeing civil society (individual, family and occupational life) from political interventions and at the same time limiting the authority of state.

Also known as Hermeneutic Approach, Interpretive approach depends on the thoughts of Wilhelm Dilthey and Max Weber. B is the correct answer. 

Social Inequality means that individuals do not have equal status in the society. It includes the inequalities on property rights, freedom of expression and collecting, health and education, and access to goods and services. Physical beauty and youth cannot be included in social inequality as it is characteristic belonging to the individual. 

Agrarian societies are the societies of small rural communities which are engaged in agriculture. They often hunt animals and gather edible plants in addition to agricultural production. The correct answer is Choice C.