Heywood underlines that liberalism has a distinctive set of values and beliefs:
• The individual
• Freedom
• Reason
• Justice
• Toleration and diversity

State is an equipped political organization(government) whose goal is to restore social order, justice and benefit of society; relying on resident human population (folk) in a particular piece of land (country), and has the ultimate legitimate control (authority). A States basic compenents (government, folk, country, authority) are emphasized in this definition. The correct answer is C.

The answer is D. A,B,C are examples for social action and E is a social fact.

e

Richard Sennett is the author of quite a number of works and contributed to the social sciences enormously. One of his famous work is the Authority in which he underlines the distinction between what we call authority and what we call power.

Weber is critical about positivism and places special importance on bureaucracy. The correct answer is D. 

Communication is not a means of production and, it is not one of the types of societies sociology classifies. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

According to Adam Smith, a nation’s prosperity depends on production power and the power relations in the development of work sharing. Mercantilism based national prosperity on precious metals that may be mined such as gold and silver.

All people related to the research problem consists the research
population. However, often it is neither possible nor necessary to gather data from all the population. In this phase of reseach, the researcher decides from whom s/he will gather the data. The researcher sets the sample size and selects the sample by using an appropriate sampling technique.

Class Theories of Marx and Weber:

According to Marx, capitalist society is a system which is built on economical inequalities. Class positions of people are determined according to whether they own means of production. Two main classes as capitalists (bourgeois) and working class (proletariat) create the capitalist society.

Weber states that there are many dimensions of inequalities in the modern society. They are class, status and party.

Society is not the sum of gathered people. What makes a society is not people themselves. Rather, it is the totality of the relationships among the people. Although the concept of society is often used to refer to a nation, they are different concepts. Therefore, A is the correct answer.  

Saint-Simon contributed to the development of sociology with his studies, and Comte used the term “sociology” for the first time and established a tradition known as positivist sociology. Thus, he is agreed to be the founder of sociology by some researchers in the field. Hence, B is the correct answer. 

The earliest type of societies is hunting and gathering societies, which exist since 50,000 BC to present. Thus, C is the correct answer. 

Completing the requirements of a professional degree or level of education is an achieved status. The other examples are ascribed statuses

Sociology as a social science discipline exists only for 200 years. In the western world, the structure of the society began to change beginning from the 1600s. The Enlightenment period, impacted by the Renaissance, Reform and Scientific Revolution, changed the way of thinking about natural and social life in the 17th and 18th centuries. Changes in scientific inquiry that was used by natural scientists also impacted on various philosophers and this led to birth of sociology as a disciple of social science.

To clarify the difference in their perspectives, let us look what different social science disciplines would focus on when they study family. Psychologists may study how the personality develops in the family context. Anthropologists may study different family structures in different cultures. Political scientists may study how a particular political decision would influence the families. Economists may study the consumption patterns or unemployment levels of families. Sociologists may study how the families are shaped by the society they exist in or how the changes in the family structure influence the structure of the society. 

Authoritarian state: It can be defined as the government of a powerful figure or a group. While in democracy, active involvement of citizens is required in political issues; in authoritarian states participation it is either denied or curtailed (Giddens, 2006: 847). In those societies, mostly there is no legitimization and consent of power.

According to Marx, the mode of production that builds the infrastructure of the society comprises productive forces and production relations. Political, legal, ideological, religious, and cultural structures constitute the superstructure of the society.

Participatory democracy: It is the democracy that principally every citizen actively participates in the government and where population is relatively less. In Ancient Athens, minority of the population were perceived as citizens that could directly participate in the governing process.

In representative democracy,"citizens elect representatives to serve as bridges between themselves and the government and elected representatives are supposed to convey the concerns and interests of those they represent, and the government is expected to be responsive to the wishes of the people” (Kendall et al., 2000: 444).Elections, existence of free public opinion, check and balance of legislative, executive judicial bodies separately should be present principally in representative democracies.

Charismatic authority is based on the devotion of followers or subordinates to what they define as the exceptional characteristics of a leader. These characteristics are mostly seen as “supernatural, super-human, or at least exceptional compared to lesser mortals”. Large numbers of people believed that Alexander the Great, Napoleon, Martin Luther King Jr., Mahatma Gandhi, Fidel Castro had such exceptional characteristics, and as a result, became their devoted followers. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in the emerging Republic of Turkey, with his exceptional qualities changed the society as a whole. Therefore, the correct option is D.