Charismatic authority is based on the devotion of followers or subordinates to what they define as the exceptional characteristics of a leader. These characteristics are mostly seen as “supernatural, super-human, or at least exceptional compared to lesser mortals”. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The approach known as Frankfurt School or Critical Theory, which first appeared in 1923, had also an important influence in the development of Marxism after the death of Marx. It is also known that theorists such as Max Horkheimer (1895-1973), Erich Fromm (1900-1980), Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979) and T.W. Adorno (19031969) had great contributions to the development of critical theory until the 1970s. The contributions of Jurgen Habermas (1929-) in the 1980s brought a new dimension to critical theory. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Conservatism involves different interpretations such as reactionary conservatism which is against the French Revolution and Enlightenment.

Inspired by Comte’s works and having an important role in
early phases of British sociology, Spencer adapted the “natural selection” principle, which means the survival of the fittest, into social evolution and rejected any type of state interventions and social reforms that are supportive of disadvantaged individuals in social life.

According to Mead, self enables individuals to see themselves from the eyes of others during roletaking process. In other words, through the self, we can look at ourselves as if we are looking at an object from the outside. We can interpret how others see us or how we are seen by others. We become aware of others as well as ourselves. We can also interpret the feelings, intentions and expectations of others. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Ascribed Status expresses a social position of a person gained without personal effort, achieved by birth, and generally does not change.

Some argue that Spencer used the phrase “adapters (strong ones) survive”, which is used to explain natural selection by Darwin, much earlier than him for human societies. Therefore, Spencer’s approach is also called “social Darwinism”. Therefore, E is the correct answer. 

The answer is B.

Pastoral societies are the societies in which the gain of livelihood is based on domesticated livestock such as cattle or sheep. These societies generally live in areas which are not suitable for agriculture. These societies consist of a larger population than hunting and gathering societies. Their population varies from a few hundred people to many thousand people. There is also more social inequality in this type of societies. Members of pastoral societies are engaged in trade and this causes a division between the rich and the poor. In these societies, there are non-economic social inequalities, too.

Karl Marx developed a theory called historical materialism, which had a great influence in the field.

Social action is an action which is oriented towards the past, present or future actions of the other people. For example, taking revenge out on someone or buying a burglary insurance are social actions.

While industrial society is a term suggested by Saint-Simon, natural selection and free market are some of the basic terms used in Spencer's ideology. Besides, ideal type is a concept suggested by Weber to be used instead of certain concepts used in natural sciences such as law. However, social dynamics is one of the study fields which examines social transformation according to Comte. The correct answer is B. 

B

An independent variable is a reason; it is the variable which affects the dependent variable. Therefore, D is the correct answer. 

b

1. I.Economy examines how to use limited natural sources to encounter infinite human needs rationally. II. Economics sociology explains the production, circulation, sharing, and consumption elements of economic process by including other social, cultural, political factors. Which of the following words best fit the blanks?

Saint- Simon claimed that a positive science is necessary to analyze the problems that emerged during the industrial society phase following the French Revolution and based his ideas and actions on these arguments accordingly.

Heywood underlines liberalism has a distinctive set of values and beliefs:
• The individual
• Freedom
• Reason
• Justice
• Toleration and diversity.

Therefore, the correct option is C.

Opposing the Mercantilist view, Smith wanted to remove the custom taxes and regulations that prevent international trade from expanding the market and increasing the production. He believed that the government should politically incentivise economy, and protested monopolisation on economy by the government, constant custom taxes and the tendentiousness of economy in some sectors. The government should grant economic power and authority to entrepreneur actors. Therefore, the correct option is A.