Social stratification means people’s difference and hierarchical positioning based on some inequalities like income, prosperity, power, prestige, status, age, gender, race, ethnicity etc. The correct option is E.

In totalitarian states, all institutions are totally controlled.

Throughout their lives, individuals live in the caste systems in which they were born.

The correct answer is A. 

An authoritarian state can be defined as the government of a powerful figure or a group. While in democracy, active involvement of citizens is required in political issues; in authoritarian states participation it is either denied or curtailed In those societies, mostly there is no legitimization and consent of power. Dictatorships and oligarchies are forms of authoritarian states.

Fascism refers to “parties, ideologies, or states that either advocate or embody a typically terroristic domination of a fused state apparatus, within which there is no separation of powers or rule of law, by a single party infused with a frequently racist and always nationalist petit bourgeois ideology”. Therefore, the correct option is E.

B

When they are born, individuals do not have any idea about who they are. In time, they learn what other people think about them and they learn to think in the same way. While children grow, they see that people perceive women different from men, Christians different from Muslims, the poor dıfferent from the rich. They learn how the world perceives them, and they tend to adopt the same perspective. Ultimately, the self that the individual develops widely depends on how people define their status in society. Self is the totality of the perceptions and thoughts related to our identity and our qualifications. In other words, self is a relatively stable set of perceptions and thoughts of who we are in relation to the others and ourselves. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Totalitarian state: In totalitarian states, all institutions are totally controlled. This type of the state is deprived of legitimization. In order to control society as a whole, any kind of violence and fear can be used. There is an absolute supervision and surveillance on the subordinates. There is no differentiation of
public or private sphere.

Conflict theories emphasize the importance of social structures in societies; however, unlike functionalism, which focuses on the consensus, they focus on power, social divisions, inequality and struggle among different groups pursuing their own interests.

Heywood underlines (2003: 23) liberalism has a distinctive set of values and beliefs: • The individual • Freedom • Reason • Justice • Toleration and diversity. 

Slavery is a system in which some people are owned by other people, humans are sold and bought like properties for the exchange of money. Debt, violating laws, wars and conquests are among the factors that create such a slavery system. The correct option is A.

Political sociology is the “study of power and the intersection of society and politics”. Unlike political science, political sociology is a sociological branch “which is concerned with the social causes and consequences of given power distributions within or between societies, and with the social and political conflicts that lead to changes in the allocation of power”. In other words, it is a sub-discipline that analyses “political authority’s institutional regulations, of functions of political authority and transformation of political system”. “Whereas political science deals mainly with the machinery of government, the mechanisms of public administration, and the formal political realm of elections, public opinion, pressure groups, and political behaviour, sociological analysis of political phenomena is concerned rather more with the interrelationships between politics, social structures, ideologies, and culture”. Legitimacy does not mean any power to be ruling as means of elections or utilizing force or power of sanction; legitimacy requires the recognition through consent. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Social facts are sui generis, in other words, they are peculiar in their characteristics. Therefore, A is the correct answer. 

Social stratification

Marxist perspectives emphasize means of production since they see economic resources as a source of power. The correct answer is E.

At the macro level, sociology investigates the structure and change of the societies or social institutions. In other words, macrosociology studies the analysis of large-scale social organizations such as political or economic systems.

Durkheim claims that there are four kinds of suicide. These are egoistic, altruistic, anomic and fatalistic suicide. While the egoistic and the altruistic suicides are influenced by social integration levels, the anomic and the fatalistic suicides are influenced by moral regulation levels of the society. Very low levels of social integration are related to egoistic suicide. Egoistic suicide occurs when family, work and community ties weaken, people can not bound to social groups and find little social guidance about values, norms, traditions and goals. Because of the lack of social integration, they feel that they do not belong to the society. When bonds weaken due to loss of family, loss of friends, or a retirement, probability of egoistic suicide increases. Therefore, the correct option is B.

A

• Social classinequalities depend on economic reasons like job, poverty, prosperity and income. Inequality thrived with the belief system of religion, law, pressure and oppression.
  • Social classes are not clearly and obviously distinct from each other. Distinctions between classes are uncertain and vague. For example, it is difficult to say where the working class ends and middle class begins.
  • Social classes are not supported by legal inequalities. Everybody has equal rights before the law. Upper classes do not have legal authority on the lower classes.

Social stratification means people’s difference and hierarchical positioning based on some inequalities like income, prosperity, power, prestige, status, age, gender, race, ethnicity etc. According to another definition, social stratum is “a human group who share similar advantages and disadvantages’’