Sociologists classify the types of societies depending mainly on their characteristics of production. Therefore, although
human groups have established many types of societies through the history, sociologists usually refer to six types of society. Correct answer is Choice A.

Weber analyses the economic structure of society by establishing relationships with cultural structures. Cultural factors affect production not only symbolically, more importantly they affect it materially. It is necessary to make a short description of Weber’s sociological method before approaching his conceptual perspective about industrial capitalism. According to him, it is necessary to look at individuals’ attitude and behaviours to understand social relations. In other words, looking at meanings of a person’s actions is needed.

Mechanical solidarity is observed in traditional societies where there is a simple division of labour based on resemblances. In this type of order and solidarity, collective consciousness and collective identity are more powerful and dominant than individual consciousness and identities. Organic solidarity is observed in modern societies where there is a complex division of labour based on social differentiation. Durkheim states that increasing social differentiation in developed societies depending on social division of labour leads to a new social order from mechanical solidarity to an organic one. The correct answer is C.

Conservatism: According to Heywood, in everyday language conservative may refer to “moderate or cautious behavior, a life-style that is conventional, even conformist, or a fear of or refusal to change”. Conservatism, similar to other modern ideologies, emerged in the 18th century as a consequence of political and social environment and culture medium regarding Enlightenment thought. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Neo-Marxists, similar to the classical Marxists, also underline the importance of economic relations between people in the process of production and they also recognise the significance of class position in the production process. However, unlike traditional Marxists who emphasize economic structure as the primary focus of social analysis, Neo-Marxist theories emphasize cultural and ideological superstructures of societies.

Ascribed Status expresses a social position of a person gained without personal effort, achieved by birth, and generally does not change. Person’s age, gender, race, ethnic origin, homeland, parents’ homelands, birthplace are given social position or status which are achieved ascriptively. For example, age is a factor that affects an individual’s social status in the family and the society. Elders have more respected and reputable position considering children and youth in the society. Children and adults cannot change their ages to earn such respect and reputation. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Comte defines sociology as a science that discovers and analyzes the laws of social order (statics) and social transformation (dynamics) through historical methods. The correct answer is E.

Among those who are the leading figures of the disciple of sociology in its classical era we can place four scholars as Karl Marx, George Simmel, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber.

Authoritarian states can be defined as the government of a powerful figure or a group. In these societies, mostly there is no legitimization and consent of power. Dictatorships and oligarchies are forms of authoritarian states. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait are examples of authoritarian states. On the other hand, in totalitarian states all institutions are totally controlled and this type of state is deprived of legitimization. The correct answer is E. 

Charismatic social action is not one of the social action types. It is one of the authority and organization types in his social formation typology. The correct answer is D.

Conflict theories emphasize the importance of social structures in societies; however, unlike functionalism, which focuses on the consensus, they focus on power, social divisions, inequality and struggle among different groups pursuing their own interests. The correct answer is B. 

Slavery System: Slavery is an inequality system, which is commonly seen in agricultural societies even though it is occasionally seen in hunter and picker societies.

-Debt, violating laws, wars and conquests are among the factors that create such a slavery system. In the past, people who couldn’t pay their debts were enslaved by creditors in exchange of their debts in some societies.

-Slavery is a system in which people can be bought and sold like properties. 

Option B, which includes the statement "body of proven facts about the demographics of a particular social group or class" cannot be given as a definition of ideology. What makes this definition incorrect is the phrase "proven facts" as ideology is not about the proven facts but can be stated as a body of ideas.  

'Social facts consist of ways of acting, thinking, and feeling, which are external to the individual, and endowed with a power of coercion. They are the creation of human activities but they are not intended' is the full sentence. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

Data gathering techniques used in quantitative research design are structured (controlled) observation, structured (controlled) interview, questionnaire, experiment, quasi-experiment and survey. 

In totalitarian states, all institutions are totally controlled. This type of the state is deprived of legitimization. In order to control society as a whole, any kind of violence and fear can be used. There is an absolute supervision and surveillance on the subordinates. There is no differentiation of public or private sphere. Almost everything in the social sphere is under absolute control. Such totalitarian states/systems “rely on modern technologies to monitor and control people; mass propaganda and electronic surveillance are widely used to influence people’s thinking and control their actions”. The most remarkable example is the government of the National Socialist Party (Nazi) in Germany. 

Athough the example is not mentioned in the unit, today it is considered to be a totalitarian state (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/theworldpost/wp/2018/02/21/china-internet/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.f597ef119bfc).

Therefore, the correct option is C.

According to Marx, the mode of production that builds the infrastructure of the society comprises productive forces and production relations. Political, legal, ideological, religious, and cultural structures constitute the superstructure of the society. Therefore, the correct option is E.

The statuses that the individual has in birth, are ascribed statuses. Sex, age, race, ethnic group are examples of ascribed status.