Karl Marx developed a theory called historical materialism, which had a great influence in the field. In this theory, which emphasizes the importance of economic factors rather than thoughts and values in social transformation. The correct answer is E. 

For Michel Foucault, as he is one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century, power is not limited to state, that is governmental will.

Political science is defined as an academic discipline which examines power and distribution of power in various types of political systems. Therefore, A is the correct answer.

In modern societies, the meaning of participatory democracy has changed. In today’s societies, it is impractical to gather in a single place and make decision in governing. Sometimes governments may prefer to ask public opinion and a referendum takes place, which could partly be a participatory democracy. The correct answer is A.

'Socialization is the process by which a society transmits its social values, norms, and culture to its members' is the full sentence. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Elite theory relies on the idea of small and elite groups governing the society. In other words, elite theory “sees power in society as being monopolized by a small minority (or elite)” (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008: 530). It is a political theory that is developed by Wifredo Pareto and Gaetano Mosca.

Classical Sociology: This section of the unit deals with the modern society analyses of K.Marx, E. Durheim, M. Weber and G. Simmel

Auguste Comte examines “society” within an evolutionist and positivist framework. Saint-Simon contributed to the development of sociology with his studies, and Comte used the term “sociology” for the first time and established a tradition known as positivist sociology. Thus, he is agreed to be the founder of sociology by some researchers in the field.

D

Symbolic interactionism is a micro-oriented approach that deals with everyday life. The correct answer is E. 

Durkheim adopted a point of view called functionalism and greatly contributed to the development of structural functionalism.

Formal norms are written, established rules such as laws, university exam requirements, and “don’t step on the grass” signs at public parks. The formal norms are the most specific norms.

The answer is B.

Social stratification means people’s difference and hierarchical positioning based on power, prestige, status, age, gender, race, ethnicity etc. It is active and unstable. Mobility between strata is difficult but possible.  Social stratification is universal. according to one definiton, social stratum is “a human group who share similar advantages and disadvantages’’.

The correct answer is E. 

Functionalism has an important place in modern sociology and was initially influenced by Durkheim’s works in sociology in the s19th century.

Interest groups do not aim to take power in the sense of political parties. These groups gather in terms of common interests that are organized to affect political authorities. Interest groups are interchangeably defined as pressure groups. The main element of interest groups is “interest”; either material or moral pressure over political authority or government is another point to be underlined. Interest groups generally do not aim to come to power, however they force political parties and governments in order to generate interest. Therefore, the correct option is A.

A

A hypothesis is a statement that claims a relationship between at least two variables.

As a separate social science discipline, sociology originated with Comte in the middle of 19th century. Auguste Comte, the founding father of sociology, developed the concept of positivism into sociology. Positivism is the philosophy of knowledge which asserts the social world can be understood, explained and estimated with scientific methods, mostly the methods of physical sciences. Positivist sociologists believed that as there are natural laws in the physical world, so there are universal and structural laws in social life and sociology should reveal these laws and regularities. The correct answer is Choice B.

Economics sociology emerged from a struggle of understanding and explaining the radical social transformations of passing from the traditional society to the modern society. The period of Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution are historical dynamics that have affected the transition from the traditional society to the modern society in the continental Europe. Mental and social practices of people that are included by these dynamics shape the mental, political and economic structures of the modern society. Among those who heavily influenced the birth of economic sociology, Max Weber, Adam Smith and Karl Marx can be pointed out.