c

Cultural determinism is a thought that culture is unchangeable and very strong, and the members of it are kind of prisoners. The correct anwer is D.

The phenomenological approach has been criticized on a number of counts. One view is that it is guilty of “cognitive reductionism”, and places too great emphasis on subjective meanings of culture as well as assuming that there is a common culture shared by all members of society. The correct answer is E. 

The sociologist, of course, is not concerned with the truth or falsity of any given religion; s/he only takes an objective look at religion
(its functions, social foundations, and social consequences.) He does not study religion per se, but the effect of religious beliefs and practices on the social and cultural systems, socialization process, and personality development.

Le Play used the monography method he developed to examine the working class families and claimed that this method would be the key to reveal the laws of the social life. A is the correct answer. 

Weber’s writings on religion differ from those of Durkheim in that they concentrate on the connection between religion and social change, something to which Durkheim gave little attention. While Durkheim was interested in the generic notion of religion (specifically the classification of the sacred and profane), Weber was concerned with the historical and comparative importance of religions. Durkheim’s functionalist analysis contends that religion represents the collective life of a society. Moreover, Durkheim’s most famous argument is that god represents society. For Durkheim, looking beyond behavioural norms, religion confers legitimacy on the political system. On the other hand, Weber showed that Protestant values directly influenced the rise of capitalism and helped create the modern world order. The correct answer is D.

According to Webster, the term secular means of   belonging to the world and worldly things as distinguished from the church and religious affair.

Sociologists define religion as a cultural system of commonly shared beliefs and rituals that provide
a sense of ultimate meaning and purpose by creating an idea of reality that is sacred, all encompassing the supernatural. The answer is D. 

Durkheim pioneered the development of structural-functionalism, which is considered one of the most important approaches of the tradition called consensus in sociological theory, with his works based on a functional point of view and focusing on social order and solidarity. The correct answer is D.

The concept of cultural reproduction and habitus is produced by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002), one of the most important theoreticians of the 20th century. Bourdieu (1984), in his famous study, Distinction, uses a statistical data set to identify social groupings which differ from each other in terms of their distinctive life style- that is, their habitus: they have same taste in food and clothes, they like the same kind of music, they share the same leisure activities and hobbies. Bourdieu also looks at the statistical relations between the individual’s life-style and preferences as an indication of the existence of a habitus that is characteristic of each social class or stratum, of a mode of activity and way of thinking that organizes the individual’s everyday life. The correct answer is A. 

The common aspect of deviant behaviors or attitudes is that there are some differences that cause us to think of the individual we face as an outsider. Deviances do not always involve an action or preference. Even the presence of some people could be a problem to others; For young people, for example, the presence of elderly people the presence of colored people for some whites or the unfavorable gaze of healthy people towards the disabled and the rich people keeping away from the poor. At the same time, the deviance could be understood in different ways in different contexts.

In the process of achieving a certaindegree of social life; the values serve an important function in terms of determining which attitudes and behaviors are right or wrong, fair or unfair. It is possible to define social values as basic abstract principles or generalized moral beliefs that guide our attitudes and behaviors. Everything in the life
of a society is perceived according to values. Values are the principles such as freedom and equality that define the ideal principles of what is desired and right in a society or group.

Alienation is the process by which people lose control over the social institutions they themselves invented.

The modern urban nuclear family became socially and geographically isolated from the wider kin network and became “privatized nuclear family”. In short, the nuclear family is often seen as a concomitant of industrialization of societies.

Grobalization is a combination of the words ‘growth’ and ‘globalization.’ Grobalization implies the imperialistic goals, desires, and needs of big businesses or companies (e.g. McDonald’s, Coca- Cola, Wal-Mart, Disney and Hollywood) or even entire nations to settle in diverse areas of the world so that their supremacy and impact can grow. The correct answer is C. 

The general characteristics of the sociology of law could be listed as follows;

a. It determines the law as a social phenomenon.
b. It investigates the relationship between
legal developments and social change.
c. It examines the social events that influence
the formation of the concept of law.
d. It examines the formation and development
of legal rules in the course of history.
e. It touches upon the types of legal organization

The function of law as a social concept can be listed as the following (Öktem and Türkbağ, 2014: 293-295);
a. Defines the members of the group and determines mutual relationships
b. Resolves disputes

c. Regulates the behaviors
d. Ensures that the social power is organized and legitimizes it
e. Develops the living conditions
f. Protects from external hazards
g. Realizes the legal organization

Although the viewpoints and perspectives on religion vary greatly, there seems to be a universal human impulse towards sacredness that manifests itself in the institution of religion, a codified system of beliefs, symbolic expressions, and rituals. Of all creatures, humans alone recognize their own mortality and ponder over death. This awareness induces in them a sense of awe and reverence for what is construed as the supernatural and gives rise to an elaborate system of rituals and ceremonies for the divine force that presides over human destiny. Thus, according to Freud, religion develops from the need to ward off the horrors of nature; particularly the cruelty of death and also to compensate for the deprivations which culture imposes on the individual.

The sociologist is not concerned with the truth or falsity of any given religion; s/he only takes an objective look at religion (its functions, social foundations, and social consequences). The correct answer is A.