Official Norms: These are the official and written rules such as laws, regulations, statutes, circulars and board decisions. The punishments and rewards regarding these norms are predetermined.

Unofficial Norms: These are non-written norms, and punishments and rewards are not explicitly stated for such norms. The individuals might face sanctions such as condemnation, mocking, exclusion and insults.

White-collar crimes: These crimes are committed by individuals belonging to wealthy segments of society, such as tax evasion, illegal sales, securities and real estate frauds and embezzlement.

Cybercrime: Technology-based crimes are as follows: illegal access to telecommunication systems, listening to and watching others, theft through telecommunication services, violation of copyrights by copying various materials such as films and CDs, pornography in cyber space, violent contents, racist propaganda, cyber harassment, telemarketing frauds, interference in electronic fund transfers, electronic money laundering and creating criminal conspiracies through telecommunication.

Organized crime: Examples of organized crime include such activities as smuggling, illegal gambling, drug trafficking, prostitution, largescale theft and racketeering. 

Crimes could be dealt with in three main groups (Macionis, 2013); a. Crimes against a person (crimes of violence), murder, battery, rape and robbery, etc. b. Crimes against property: Theft, robbery, arson, etc and c. Crimes without a victim, crimes without a visible victim. 

The norms are divided into two categories, namely, official norms and unofficial norms. Official Norms: These are the official and written rules such as laws, regulations, statutes, circulars and board decisions. The punishments and rewards regarding these norms are predetermined.

Unofficial Norms: These are non-written norms, and punishments and rewards are not explicitly stated for such norms. The individuals might face sanctions such as condemnation, mocking, exclusion and insults.

For Engels, the roots of the monogamous nuclear family lie in the idea of having heirs to inherit the property. Thus, the family was created to control women’s sexuality and assure the legitimacy of heirs of the males. D is the correct answer. 

Anthropologists like Clifford Geertz (1926-2006) described culture as a system of shared symbols and/or meanings: “an historically transmitted pattern of meaning is embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life” (Geerts, 1973:89).

A woman has more than one husband in polyandry. The answer is D. 

The rational choice theory was  developed by American Sociologists Roger Finke, Rodney Stark and Willams S. Bainbridge.

Norms are formal / written or informal / non-written rules that are deemed necessary for the integrity and continuity of a society, and regulate the behavior of individuals. Norms point to the ideal behavior patterns expected from us as well as covering the usual behaviors in a society. The correct answer is B.

It is Marx who interprets a dominant religion to be the outcome of social struggle. The answr is B. 

According to this definition framing culture as a “whole way of lifestyle” of a social group, culture consists of the values that the members of a group believe, the norms they follow, and the material things they create. Therefore, the correct option is B.

There are different and sometimes complementary aspects of sociological theories regarding crime and deviance. It will be useful to highlight the common points before moving on to the original ideas of theories. When these theories, which have been developed through the 20th century, are evaluated, the following common points stand out: (1) Deviance is seen in all societies and comprised of functions that can be useful from a social point of view. When these functions are resolved, the crime will be better understood. (2) Deviance depends on conflict. Social strata are related to interests especially economic ones. (3) Deviance is related to the tension, constraint and stress within society. (4) Deviance is strongly related to modern urban life. (5) Deviance is learned from daily life situations. (6) Deviance is caused by the lack of commitment to group values and the principle of compliance with laws. The correct answer is Choice C.

Unlike people depending on commonsense while talking, sociologists make effort to follow the rules of responsible speech.

Glocalization is sometimes reported to be a reaction to globalization, or a reinforcement of cultural identity at the local community level’. Robertson sees ‘glocalization’ as an interpenetration of the global and the local. But the way the concept is generally applied relates to marketing a product produced by a multinational corporation by appealing to local cultural cues. The correct answer is C. 

American Sociologists Roger Finke, Rodney Stark and Willams S. Bainbridge have attempted to develop a more comprehensive sociological perspective on religion. Their approach has heavily been influenced by the exchange theory that is based on the principle that all human interactions can be treated as a form of exchange.

Stark and Bainbridge with their religious economy approach argue that religions can be understood as organizations which are in competition with one another for followers. On the other hand, the classical theorists, Marx, Durkheim and Weber, assume that religion weakens when it is challenged by different religious or secular viewpoints whereas the religious economists argue that competition increases the overall level of religious involvement in modern society.

Their explanation on religion consists of a number of insights into religious organizations, institutions and religious change. Unlike Durkheim, Stark and Bainbridge see religion as meeting the needs of individuals rather than those of society as a whole. Unlike Marx, they see religion as meeting universal human needs rather than those which stem from class inequality and exploitation. Furthermore, they reject the view, shared by classic sociologists of religion that the development of industrial capitalist societies would undermine religion.

Stark and Bainbridge with their religious economy approach argue that religions can be understood as organizations which are in competition with one another for followers. On the other hand, the classical theorists, Marx, Durkheim and Weber, assume that religion weakens when it is challenged by different religious or secular viewpoints whereas the religious economists argue that competition increases the overall level of religious involvement in modern society.

As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is D. The statement in the option V is related to the approach of classical theorists.

Culture critic Matthew Arnold (1822- 1888) identified culture with “aesthetic excellence” when he defined culture as the best of what is said and thought in the world in all matters that most concern us, or the best that has been thought and known.

Albert Cohen, like Merton, also shows the contradictions in American society as the main cause of crime. According to Cohen, the reactions of individuals about tension are realized in a collective way through subcultures. Crime is a collective reaction rather than an individual one. The answer is D.