In the post-World War II eras, Talcott Parsons, who underlined the codes and law as the holistic mechanism of social control, and also the critical theorists who developed views on the conflicts of economic and social classes developed the literature. The correct answer is Choice B.

The function of law as a social concept can be listed as the following:

Defines the members of the group and determines mutual relationships

1. Resolves disputes
2. Regulates the behaviors
3. Ensures that the social power is organized and legitimizes it
4. Develops the living conditions
5. Protects from external hazards
6. Realizes the legal organization

The manners and customs are the social norms which arise spontaneously and gradually, though they are not explicitly put in place by any society, and which manage the relations within a society. Its sanctions are social pressures. The norms that have been repeated for a long time by the majority of the population and characterized by what we have mentioned are called the customs. Wedding rituals and ceremonies are formed through repetition for many generations. Almost every region/city in Turkey has different customs when it comes to wedding.

For Leach, “far from being the basis of the good society, the family, with its narrow privacy and tawdry secrets, is the source of all our discontents”. C is the correct answer. 

In patriarchal societies, social institutions such as the academy, the church, and the family justify and reinforce women’s subordination to men (Millett 1977:35). Thus, patriarchal ideology becomes a very powerful ideology and women who are oppressed generally show consent.

In the process of achieving a certain degree of social life; the values serve an important function in terms of determining which attitudes and behaviors are right or wrong, fair or unfair. It is possible to define social values as basic abstract principles or generalized moral beliefs that guide our attitudes and behaviors. Everything in the life of a society is perceived according to values.

Saint-Simon argued that the social problems that occurred during the transition from feudal society to industrial society would be solved with the help of positive science, which he calls social physics, and society could be restructured with this new type of science. Therefore, Saint-Simon is considered “the first sociologist, and the first socialist”. The correct answer is C.

Culture-functional approach suggests culture only became possible when human communities began to separate and classify things in their environment. The correct answer is B. 

According to Le Play's typology, in stem families, only one of the married children (heirs) stays in the family house; the others are given some form of dowry for marriage and establish themselves new families elsewhere. B is the correct answer.  

Primary Deviance: Primary Deviance refers to the initial acts of crossing the boundaries. In most cases, these behaviors are “marginal” in terms of the person’s own identity. In some cases, however, normalization does not occur and a person is labeled as criminal or guilty. It consists of the actions which are performed before it is clearly defined and labeled as deviance by society. Primary deviation behaviors are relatively insignificant in terms of their outcomes and effects. Skipping school or drinking alcohol as a minor draws less reaction and creates less impact on the person’s definition of the self. Once a person begins to behave in a deviant way for defense, assault or compliance purposes
against social reactions, deviance begins to become secondary.

Value: The thoughts or principles that are thought to be true and necessary by the majority of its members in order to sustain the existence of a society or a social group. Therefore, the correct option is B.

For nuclear families, marital bonds are more important than blood ties. Nuclear families are temporary units and in nuclear families, there is minimal contact with the kin group. The answer is A.

The phenomenological approach is particularly associated with the work of Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann. Berger and Luckmann have put forward a phenomenological view of religion: Religion is produced by members of society subjectively interpreting and giving meaning to the world around them. According to Berger and Luckmann, religion helps to build, maintain and legitimate universes of meaning. Throughout human history religion has played a decisive part in the construction and maintenance of universes. A universe of meaning requires constant legitimation: It needs repeated reinforcement and justification. Members of society must be told and retold that their universe of meaning is real, true, correct and legitimate. Without this support, a universe of meaning would tend to crumble, life would become meaningless, and the stability of society would be threatened.

In Le Play’s classification, in stem families, only one of the married children (heirs) stays in the family house; the others are given some form of dowry for marriage and establish themselves new families elsewhere. However, the family house remains as a ceremonial centre for the children who leave. us, the stem family can be regarded as a compromise between the patriarchal family and the unstable family. The correct answer is D. 

Karl Marx