- Nuclear families are small and geographically isolated. Extended families are more crowded, include many members of the kin group and have geographic proximity.

- For nuclear families, marital bonds are more important than blood ties, thus they are named “conjugal families”. On the other side, blood ties are more important than marital bonds for the extended families, thus they are called “consanguine families”

- In nuclear families, there is minimal contact with the kin group. However, kin group contact on a daily basis in extended families.

- Nuclear families are economically selfsufficient while economic dependence is high in extended families.

- The members of the nuclear family have to get emotional support and protection from people outside the kin group. In respect of the extended family, the kin network within the family provides a source of emotional support and protection.

Correct answer is C.

Deviance is seen in all societies and comprised of functions that can be useful from a social point of view. When these functions are resolved, the crime will be better understood. It depends on conflict. Social strata are related to interests especially economic ones. Deviance is related to the tension, constraint and stress within society and is strongly related to modern urban life. Deviance is learned from daily life situations and  is caused by the lack of commitment to group values and the principle of compliance with laws.

The answer is C.

Collective Subjectivity: A way of life or outlook adopted by a community or a social class. Therefore, the correct option is D.

The general characteristics of the sociology of law could be listed as follows:

1. It determines the law as a social phenomenon.
2. It investigates the relationship between legal developments and social change.
3. It examines the social events that influence the formation of the concept of law.
4. It examines the formation and development of legal rules in the course of history.
5. It touches upon the types of legal organization.

Cultural heritage is the remnants of the thousands of years of life experience, wisdom and creativity of mankind, which has managed to reach today. Cultural heritage is divided into two as tangible and intangible cultural heritage. The tangible cultural heritage is also divided into two subcategories: movable and immovable. While the intangible cultural heritage appears as “folklore”, “art” or “collective memory”, the tangible cultural heritage sometimes emerges as an archaeological site, sometimes a city from the Middle Ages, and sometimes a rug. The correct answer is D. 

All the statements are among the points of criticicism that the works of Leach and Laing has been received. E is the correct answer. 

The Frankfurt school suggests that in the twentieth century the modern mass culture was the key tool of ideological domination of capitalism. The term of mass culture refers to the culture created by the culture industry, which invades the market with (cultural) products aiming at superficial pleasure and entertainment, and consumed simply without questioning by passive consumers who lack passion for criticism. Therefore, the correctoption is B.

Functionalists claim that the family is universal, natural and functional. This claim depends upon three main assumptions. According to the functionalist approach, the family (a) exists in all societies; (b) is the expression of fundamental and universal biological needs; and (c) serves the main social functions. The correct answer is C. 

Cultural lag refers to the gap when the changes in material culture are followed with a certain delay by spiritual culture (law, custom, tradition, social mentality, etc.) Especially the changes in the technology dimension of material culture enable the cultural lag to be seen strikingly. Thus it is an example of cultural lag when people who did not own mobile phones until recently talk on the phone in a way that annoys people in their surroundings after receiving a mobile phone. The correct answer is A.

The key concepts of the functionalist approach can be pointed out as order, balance, harmony, function and evolutionary change. Yet, the revolutionary is not considered as one of them. For functionalist sociologists, every social institution has some functions and if they function well, society would operate smoothly. Although sometimes conflicts may occur, it is not a permanent phenomenon. The correct answer is B.

When comparing Weber and Durkheim, one might start simply by noting that whereas Durkheim was interested in the generic notion of religion (specifically the classification of the sacred and profane), Weber was concerned with the historical and comparative importance of religions. Durkheim famously observed it to consist of a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things. Weber, by contrast, declared in The Sociology of Religion that defining religion is not possible at the start of a presentation such as this. Definition can be attempted, if at all, only at the conclusion of the study. While Weber examined the consequences of the ‘economic ethics’ of the world religions, Durkheim examined the ‘elementary forms’ of religious classification, the impact of their emotional framing, how these classificatory systems were embedded in ritual practices, and finally how the ‘collective conscience’ was an essential foundation of the social. In short, Weber’s writings on religion differ from those of Durkheim in that they concentrate on the connection between religion and social change, something to which Durkheim gave little attention. They contrast with the work of Marx, because Weber argues that religion is not necessarily a conservative force; on the contrary, religiously inspired movements have often produced dramatic social transformations.

Unlike functionalist theory, conflict theory sees order and harmony as superficial entities. It claims that underneath a surface of apparent harmony, there is a form of balance of power or oppression. religion, because of the fear people feel for the god they themselves have created, serves to alienate people from the real world. Marx saw religion as the tool that the upper classes used to maintain control of society and to dominate the lower classes. The other options belong to Functionalist point of view. The correct answer is E.

The studies or scholars who have been argued to represent cultural studies share a kind of centre position: Culture is taken seriously, it is granted some independence and it is argued that the practices and symbols of every day life must be treated with question of power and politics. Within the Birmingham school, where the concept of “cultural studies” originated, the concept of culture has been taken to refer collective subjectivity. Collective subjective refers to a way of life or a outlook adopted by a community or a social class.

According to Luckmann, the function of religion can be understood to reduce uncertainty and complexity, to determine which seems to be indeterminate, and to make accessible what seems to be inaccessible. The supernatural dimension of religion, therefore, comes in handy because it serves to reduce complexity

The key concepts of the functionalist approach are order, balance, harmony, function and evolutionary (not revolutionary) change.

The key concepts of the functionalist approach are order, balance, harmony, function and evolutionary (not revolutionary) change. Correct answer is A.