Some ask: is Egypt African, Middle Eastern, or European? In the thinking of Egyptians of all walks of life, modern Egypt is an Islamic state with a history of identities, ones that have fluctuated between European and Islamic Middle Eastern cultural and religious identities.

The Horus Kings were each identified with a particular god. Among these kings were Djoser, Pepi I, Pepi II, Sekemket, and
Peripsen.

Early Pre-dynasty Period is between 5000 - 4500 BCE.

There are five key characteristics that set its city, Sumer, apart from earlier human habitations, according to the World History Library (library 07.com): • Advanced cities (commencing at 4000 BCE), • Specialized workers, • Complex institutions, • Recordkeeping in writing, and • Improved technology (the wheel).

The great empire ruled by Shuppiluliuma I reached a power equaling that of Babylon and Egypt. For example, He established subsidiary states as far away as along the borders of Syria and Palestine, thus reasserting the power of the Hittite
state. He ensured the loyalty of bordering states such as Ugarit in Syria and the kingdoms of Kizzuvatna and Amurru in the south, through competent diplomacy.

Statements I and II are true about the Hittite Civilization.

According to Erman (1971: 32), “The inhabitants of Libya, Egypt, and Ethiopia
have probably belonged to the same race since prehistoric times; in physical stature, they are still Africans

Cauldrons, belt buckles, shields, offering plates for vows, and harnesses uncovered during expeditions all testify to the mastery of the Urartians in metal workmanship. Castles, temples, palaces, dams and irrigation channels, as well as open air temples carved in stone, are all evidence of the monumental architecture achievements of the Urartians. 

Kroeber defines civilization as “a product; historical; including ideas, patterns, and values; selective; learned, based upon symbols, and an abstraction from behavior and the product of behavior”. Thus, the correct answer is the option A.

Unfolding of a sociocultural system according to its inherited potentialities and presece of a limit for a growth   are the controlling systems on the value system fluctuations

Civilization is a large society living in an autonomous, fuzzy reification (invisible-visible) which is not a part of larger one and exists over an extended period. Right answer is “B”.

Having followed a smart policy, Hattushili III signed a peace agreement with the Egyptians in 1270 BCE, the name of which is the Treaty of Kadesh, and he ensured a continuity of the peace between the two large states.  Right answer is “ B”.

The Anatolians made weapons, pots and decorative items from bronze, while treating gold, copper and silver; at the same time, non-religious and religious objects were fashioned. The village - type settlements first transformed into towns and then into cities.  They already had village type settlements. The most important location of Stage I of the First Bronze Age in Anatolia is Troia.

The defined concept is a spherical community.

An advanced society is an organized group of people on the same territory to support their own existence through the exchange of specialized, civilizational services. This type of society shares a common interest and responds to challenges.

Statements I-III and IV are true about the Mesopotamian Civilization

The defined civilization is the societal civilization in which the so-called services and growing human communication led towards the formation of cities. 

539 BCE: Mesopotamia becomes a part of the Persian Empire

Assyrians were the warrior society that came from the northern part of Mesopotamia and ruled the region between 870-612 BCE.

A hegemonic power is a state, which dominates the world politically, militarily, economically, and scientifically. 

An empire is a state of large size exercising political dominion over others, with or without latter’s consent.

A transnational community is a regional entity, which organizes itself against the challenges of the global economy

A political society is a multi-ethnic entity which evolves from a nation

A supra-national community is a crosswhole-national entity, which removes states’ borders in a formal sense and in a sense of economic and political barriers The correct answer is D.