A ziggurat is a temple of ancient Mesopotamia (they were built since 2000 BCE) that takes the form of a stepped pyramid or tower

The Universe system is composed of three subsystems: humans, nature (ecosystem), and civilization. Right answer is “D

Spring pins and safety pins were technological inventions of the Phrygians. Because of Persians, the Lydians collapsed. The most important contribution of the Lydians was the coin system. Croesus was a very rich king. His wealth helped a lot. 

Religion, Language, Art and Literature are components of culture while society is a human entity. 

i. One of his chief concerns was that every wrong act should be punished.   ii. He made 282 laws.   iii. Laws about witchcraft , robbery, buying and selling were among the laws he made.   iv. What is important about Hammurabi laws is that though they seem brutal they are the first of mankind’s attempts to codify law.  the wrong one is : v.According to him the man who suffered should not be paid, because he gave importance to paying the one who suffered. 

Like nearly all ancient civilizations, the ancient Egyptian civilization began in the Nile River valley whose length from Lake Tana, in the high lands of Ethiopia, and from Lake Victoria, in Eastern Africa, is over 4000 miles as it reaches Alexandria, Egypt in North Africa. Geographers and anthropologists can go back around 9,000 BCE and affirm the existence of farming, hunting, and fishing communities on both banks of the River Nile. Right answer is “D”.

People in ancient Egypt were fighting against adversaries and there were episodes of famine and wars.

A hegemonic power is a state, which dominates the world politically, militarily, economically, and scientifically. For example, at the beginning of the 21st century, the U.S. plays such a role in the world (so called Rome III).

Rushton Coulbourne in his book The
Origin of Civilized Societies (1959) debates
a very difficult question concerning origins
of civilized societies and addresses two
questions;
• Is there a distinction between civilized
and primitive societies?
• Were civilized societies of single or
multiple origin?

During this period was built the Great Pyramid of Giza, erected for the great Pharaoh Khufu in ways so complex and technically ingenious that no one, even today, is yet able to determine how it was built. Right answer is “A”.

About 10,000 BCE people became farmers, animal breeders, and pottery makers. When the Ice Age ended in 9,000 BCE, the warmer climate was friendlier for humans and their civilizing processes. In years between 8,000–6,000 BCE, sheep, pigs, cattle and other livestock were domesticated and more people were settling in the uphrates and Tigris rivers valley, called Mesopotamia (contemporary Iraq). About 7,500 BCE, villages were growing in nearby Anatolia (contemporary Turkey).

Independent trade colonies in the Assyrian Civilization are called karum.

The oldest habitation in Anatolia dates to this age; it is Yarımburgaz Cave near Küçükçekmece Lake (İstanbul). Very primitive flint stones and mammal bones found in this cave, consisting of 16 layers, are important artifacts of the Lower Paleolithic Age.

Mesolithic period is the correct answer

In the Neolithic Age (New Stone Age), during which fundamental changes occurred in the life and subsistence of mankind, evidence shows that village life started while multiplication of beneficent plant and animal breeds introduced agriculture and animal husbandry. The earliest stages of this period are seen at Biris Cemetery and at SöğütTarlası in Şanlıurfa. One of the most important stages here is the production of pottery made by hand-shaped clay

Except for the option B which is related to Hittites, an Anatolian Civilization, the rest are related to Mesopotamian Civilization

In broader perspectives, there are three aspects of Egyptian civilization that clearly identify its historical characteristics:
• Its genesis and uniqueness,
• Its roots in the Nile and the Rift Valley of Africa,
• Its longevity.

The term environmental determinism is not among these characteristics. 

The correct answer is D. 

The family in ancient Egypt, as it was transitioning to the Dynastic period, was systematically organized to render wholesome family life. Breasted (1909: 85) gives detailed analysis of the family life:

".....and we often find on the tombs the statement, ‘I was one beloved of his father, praised of his mother, whom his brothers and sisters loved."

The statement was before the Dynastic period, therefore it belongs pre-dynastic period.  The statement uses past tense, indicating once upon a time they were alive. It indicates that now they are dead. So it shows the mortality feature of the human.  The correct answer is B. 

J. G. Sutton catalogues that the entire region now known as the Sahara was wet and strewn with
lakes and rivers. He further argues that around that time, that region, the Sahara, was characterized by similarities of race, language, and material culture. These items of “material culture” included pottery, fishing lines, baskets, canoes, rafts, dugouts, and war implements made from sticks and stones. The correct answer is B. 

Harold H. Sprout and Margaret Sprout speak of environmental determinism to argue that man’s geographical environment is a strong stimulus to the human abilities to craft means of survival.