Humanity in civilization has invented a formal knowledge system, with individuals able to speak and exchange ideas, constituting an enclosed group, a single cultural organism, a community. According to the French philosopher Émile Durkheim, men started off with “mechanical solidarity.” This meant that each could substitute in work for the other. Gradually, he theorized, humanity moved to a new form of organization, “organic solidarity,” with individuals specializing in what they do: fishermen, farmers, administrators, medicine men, and soldiers.

Although the Shang were in some way highly civilized, there is gruesome evidence that they practiced human sacrifice on a large scale. Correct answer is C.

The Yellow River [5,464 km (3,395 miles)] is known as the mother river by all the Chinese people. It is the second longest river in China after the Yangtze River.

Socrates encouraged his students to examine their beliefs. He asked them a series of leading questions to show that people hold many contradictory opinions. This question-answer approach to teaching is known as the Socratic method.  The correct answer is D.

The shopping centers (agoras) literally meant “gathering place” or “assembly”. The agora was the center of the athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the city

The Olympics were so important to Greek culture that the city-states stopped all their battles and observed a special truce for a full month before the games started.

There were lesser creatures with shared attributes such as half man– half goat (satyrs), half-man half-horse (centaurs), tree nymphs and sea nymphs who often caused more disruption than fun.

One result of the theological controversies that arose from the spirit behind Arianism was the development within Byzantine civilization of a religious orientation known as the “Monophysites.” The Monophysites have been those who believe that Christ was both human and divine. To this day, the Egyptian, Syrian, Ethiopian, and Armenian Christians continue their religious practices as Monophysites. A second theological controversy helped to bring about the schism between the East and West, weakening the existence of the empire as a single unit. This fight broke out over the issue of iconoclasm. It was the most divisive ecclesiastical policy.

The Ancient Chinese Civilization began at the end of the Neolithic (Stone) on a small territory. Correct answer is A.

Ancestor spirits were believed to possess the power of helping or hurting their descendants, and yet they depended upon their living representatives for nourishment in the form of food offerings. Therefore, the correct option is A.

The invention of fire was much earlier than the occurence of the Mesopotamian Civilization. The Mesopotamian Civilization brought forth some of the most important developments in human history. The innovations of these industrious people included:
• the invention of the wheel,
• the planting of the first cereal crops,
• the development of cursive script,
• mathematics,
• astronomy, and
• agriculture

Books were widely circulated and read among the Byzantines. Much of the population was educated. In the early years of the empire the greatest university was at Athens. The university was moved from Athens to Constantinople by Emperor Justinian in the sixth century because of his concern over the strong pagan traditions of Athens. Further, the men who filled the ranks of the empire’s bureaucracy, of the Byzantine church and of the court system, generally were learned graduates, men who had studied at the university. The cultural emphasis, as seen in the literature, was on philosophy, astronomy, geometry, rhetoric, music, literature, grammar, law, medicine, and arithmetic. Doğru cevap D’dir.

Three Great Roman Institutional Innovations are as follows:

• Roman Law:This innovation was indeed an institutional advance. Roman jurists built an elaborate legal system.
• Science and Technology:The Romans, always practical, made few theoretical innovations but applied across their empire advances in public health and hygiene.
• Architecture and Sculpture:The Romans advanced arches to the barrel vault, a series of arches that could provide a ceiling for huge public buildings.

Rome, while not a cultural desert, did not innovate in art, drama, or philosophy.

The answer is A.

Magna Mater (or Kybele) was the famous fertility goddess of the Phrygians; she was well known among the ancient Greeks and the Romans, as well. For the Hittites, the greatest male deity was Teshup, who represented the sky, whereas the head of all the goddesses was Hepat. Hepat, who was the solar goddess of Arinna, continued to be worshipped in Anatolia as Kubaba during the Late Hittite period, and as Kybele later. The correct answer is A.

Statements I-II and III define characteristics of the ancient Greek world.

The Nong were made up of the peasant farmers. Correct answer is E.

All of them (i. -ii -iii -iv) were among the contributions.

Doğru seçenek A

Sardines is not one of the Major city-states in the Hellenic Civilization.