Establishing the organizational goals is among the tasks of planning.

Steps of the managerial planning process are as follows:

• Set the goals and objectives
• Identify resources that are needed
• Determine the action plans
• Implement and evaluate the plans
• Identify adjustments to be made

According to Henri Fayol, coordination is the fifth function of management. But, today it is widely accepted that the coordination function is embedded in all management functions as an integral aspect. Effective execution of these functions by skilled managers will enable organizations to take solid steps toward continuously adapting their organizations to the demands of different variables such as globalization, technological changes, diversification of the workforce, and ethics and social responsibility.

Other organizations in the same industry or type of businesses which provide goods and services to the same set of customers are referred to as competitors. Each industry is characterized by specific competitive issues. Competitors pursue various strategies to capture more market share by making more sales. Typical strategies include cost leadership and differentiation.

In the beginning of the 20th century, management practices and approaches were much different than those of today. Managerial practices can be traced throughout the history of humankind. e oldest known practices date back to 8,000-3,000 BCE. e extant ancient Sumerian documents contain commercial records and they also prove that the Sumerians used these records to manage information as we do today. Similarly, construction of the pyramids in Egypt required effective execution of all management functions.

Ethical egoism

Among the given options, CEO (Chief Executive Officer) is the highest ranking manager.

The dimensions of the general environment are political and legal economic, sociocultural, technological, and global factors.

Managers can use three types of organizational control in the controlling process. All three controlling methods enable managers to spot deviations and fluctuations in the steps toward organizational goals.The types of controls are:

• Feedforward control involves identifying and preventing possible problems before they occur.
• Concurrent control identifies and prevents problems as they occur.
• Feedback controls identify and solve the problems after they occur.

Digital capabilities enable organizations to outsource their peripheral functions, such as call center operations, certain practices in payroll services, employee assessment, training The last two decades witnessed an enormous transformation of the business environment. 52 Management Environment programs, catering, procurement, and security are less costly and more efficient. But sharp declines in the exchange rates may lead to an export dependant economy.

Even though the?time horizons for?long-term and short-?term might change?from one sector?to the other and?from one company?to the other, for?most business?organizations long-?term planning has a?time horizon that is?more than 3 years,?whereas short-term planning is done for a period less than a year.

Entropy refers to the system’s tendency to go into decline and die. All attempts and efforts to slow entropy down are known as negative entropy.

• Production plans (deal with work methods and technologies)
• Logistics plans (deal with suppliers and acquiring resources)
• Financial plans (deal with money and capital investments)
• Marketing plans (deal with selling and distributing goods or services)
• Human resource plans (deal with building a talented workforce)

The correct answer is A. 

Implementing is not among the functions of management. Other options are considered to be among the functions of management.

According to Fayol, there are six activities directly involved with industrial projects. These are technical, commercial, financial, security, accounting, managerial.

It is based on the assumption  that
people dislike work.

There are four decisional roles: the entrepreneurial role, the disturbance handler role, the resource allocator role, and the negotiator role. The spokesman is an informational role.

Planning is the process of determining where to go by doing what. Planning is intertwined with effectiveness, which is defined as the achievement of organizational goals. In fact, the planning process involves determining those goals and how to reach them. Another important concept that planning serves is efficiency, being defined as how good the organization is in its use of resources. As we talk more and more about resource scarcity on our planet, planning gains importance so that businesses can become more sustainable through eco-efficiency (producing by wasting less resources). The correct answer is Choice B.

Efficiency is mainly about how organization uses its valuable resources.

Organizational decisions and actions emphasize maintaining the status quo