Management is essentially needed in all types of organizations regardless of the size and scope of operations at all organizational levels. Setting the organizational goals and strategies, building an organizational structure to enable organization to effectively and efficiently achieving these goals, motivating the members of the organization and leading people to achieve organizational goals, and finally monitoring and evaluating the organizational performance are the main activities within the boundaries of management.

Quantitative management approach

The external environment has two main components: general environment and task environment. The general environment includes those factors that might not have a direct impact on the daily operations of a firm but will indirectly influence it. The general environment includes political, sociocultural, economic conditions, global and technological environments. These factors eventually affect all businesses. The task environment includes factors that the organization interacts with directly and that have a direct impact on the organization’s ability to achieve its goals.

The internal environment includes leadership and management styles, organizational culture, human resources, organizational structures, business assets, financial strength, and operational and managerial processes.

Mintzberg’s managerial roles

Management and managers are integral parts of all types of organizations.  

Short term planning addresses short-term concerns like the condition of machinery and equipment used in production. For example, instant planning for the repair of a machine breakdown (calling and waiting for the service personnel) or fixing a small quality problem in a product.

Internal environmental factors affect organizations, they are in turn, affected by the decisions of managers. For example, by developing plans and revising processes, managers can regain or maintain control over internal factors. Similarly, actions like modifying organizational structures, increasing/ decreasing tangible assets, and hiring/developing human resources are some of the very basic managerial activities towards this end.

The most often used classification of organizational plans is strategic, tactical and operational plans.

The classical management theory involves several approaches: systematic management, scientific management, bureaucracy, and general administrative management.

The classical period extended from the midst of the 19th century through the early 1950s. The classical management theory involves several approaches: systematic management, scientific management, bureaucracy, and general administrative management.

Economic forces

“Identifying resources” involves answering these questions: which resources, how much, when, do we have them, where can we find them?

By trying to figure out what the future is going to look like through a number of highly probable scenarios, we can form alternative plans for each. Besides, if we do not try to guess what is awaiting us and do not decide what we want to do, we can only be on the defensive side and be reactive rather than proactive. Typically, when we just react we do not have a lot of time to think over what to do. Then, it is more likely that we make mistakes and waste resources. If you do not plan for the future, then you lose the chance of shaping the future. The correct answer is E. 

Effectiveness and efficiency are the key concepts almost in all definitions of management.  

Managerial ethics emphasizes the crucial necessity for ethical approach in management practices starting with the decision-making process. The correct answer is E.

Information

The most often used classification of organizational plans is strategic, tactical and operational plans.15 Strategic plans focus on the broad future and identify the long-term direction the organization will take as a whole. Tactical plans translate strategic plans into specific goals for specific parts of the organization. They specify how the organization’s resources can be used to put strategies into action. Tactical plans in business often take the form of functional plans that indicate how different operations within the organization will contribute to the overall strategy. Such functional plans might include:

• Production plans (deal with work methods and technologies)

• Logistics plans (deal with suppliers and acquiring resources)

• Financial plans (deal with money and capital investments)

• Marketing plans (deal with selling and distributing goods or services)

• Human resource plans (deal with building a talented workforce)

Standing plans are ongoing plans that provide guidance for activities performed repeatedly, like policies and procedures. The correct answer is Choice B. 

The manager should lead this group in a different way than if the subordinates were experienced.

Standardized methods of performing tasks is among the principles of systematic management approach.