An organizational structure is at the opposite end of design choices where the structure is more adaptive and flexible with a looser chain of command.

The organizing function is concerned with arranging and assigning tasks, allocating resources, and structuring work in order to reach organizational objectives.

The most basic method to divide job activities for managers is to follow the sequence of activities:
? Examine objectives,
? Design job activities to reach those objectives,
? Group similar activities to specific jobs, and
? Assign individuals to those jobs. The correct answer is C.

People sometimes use the terms vision and mission interchangeably, but they differ in the strategy process. A vision defines what an organization wants to accomplish ultimately, a mission describes what an organization does actually.

“Composed of a variety of backgrounds” is one of the qualities of a diversified work place.

Çözüm: Managers must measure actual performance to determine any deviations from the standards. Approaches used by managers to measure and report actual performance are: personal observations; statistical reports; oral reports; and written reports. Managers might use a combination of these approaches.

Organizing is one of the main management functions that typically follow the planning function. The organizing function is concerned with arranging and assigning tasks, allocating resources, and structuring work in order to reach organizational objectives.

In customer departmentalization, each department targets a specific customer classification and each group would have the needs that can best be served by a certain set of specialists. For example, large clothing stores are often grouped according to men’s, women’s, children’s and baby’s departments. This way, shoppers can readily identify where to go for specific items. Similar to product departmentalization, there may be redundancies and increased costs because of the duplication of efforts. The correct answer is B.

B, C, D, E are the phases of the scientific management approach. A is a principle of Weber’s bureaucracy.

Sustainable competitive advantage is either being ahead of competitors or achieving higher performance than the industrial average for a long time.

“The internal audit examines the adequacy and effectiveness of internal controls and makes recommendations where control improvements are needed.”

Organizational structure of a business typically reflects the managerial layers, lines of authority, rights, and responsibilities in a firm.

Frederick W. Taylor, also known as the father of scientific management, was the pioneer in the scientific management approach.

Bases of power

Legitimate Power – based on a person’s right in the formal hierarchy to make demands.
Reward Power – based on a person’s ability to compensate another for compliance.
Expert Power – based on a person’s skill and knowledge.
Referent Power – based on a person’s perceived attractiveness, worthiness and a right to others’ respect.
Coercive Power – based on the belief that a person can punish others for noncompliance.
Informational Power – based on a person’s ability to control the information that others need to accomplish something

Value chain analysis (VCA) is the process whereby a company determines the costs associated with organizational activities. The value chain analysis aims to identify where cost advantages or disadvantages exist anywhere along the value chain. The VCA process can enable a company to better identify its own strengths and weaknesses, especially as compared to a competitors’ value chain analyses and their own data examined over time. The initial step in implementing VCA is to divide a firm’s operations into specific activities or business processes. Then the analyst attempts to attach a cost to each discrete activity; the costs could be in terms of both time and money. Finally, the analyst converts the cost data into information by looking for competitive cost strengths and weaknesses that may yield competitive advantage or disadvantage. It is important to note that value chains differ vastly across industries and companies. 

In the planning process goals and objectives will be determined and they will eventually become the foundations for controls. Goals and objectives will become performance standards. When the plans and goals are developed, controls must be established to monitor the progress toward these goals.

Depending on the organizationals goals, if managed and coordinated successfully a diversified work place, a group, or a work team has advantages such as:

• An enriched work environment,

• Promotion of equality,

• Employees feeling more valued,

• More effective customer relations,

• More efficient problem solving,

•More creative and innovative processes which require out of the box thinking, and

• Reduced costs associated with high turnover and lawsuits.

The correct answer is A.