Transactional leaders are more prone to focus on daily managerial activities. Transactional leadership is a more classical management style as “doing things right”, because leaders focus on accomplishing organizational goals by improving employee performance and well-being. The correct answer is D.

Groupthink is an agreement-at-any-cost mentality that results in ineffective group or team decision making and poor decisions (Hellriegel and Slocum, 2010, p. 374). It is associated with norms, and focusing too much attention on consensus. The correct answer is A.

Three main fields, namely sociology, social psychology and cognitive science, are examined in order to provide an insight about the nature of conflict

Centralization best completes the sentence.

Obliging Style: Low concern for self and high concern for the other are called lose-win strategy. This style refers to ignore your own needs or goals, and try to satisfy the other conflict party’s interests. This type is appropriate when you perceive that you are weaker than the other party, and to maintain your social relationship is more beneficial for you. In this case, you neglect your goals and allow the other party to reach their goals. The correct answer is Choice C.

Disagreement, controversy, disputes, tensions, and opposition are some of the terms in common usage to cite the situations related to conflict.

Great Man Theory has two fundamental assumptions: Leaders are born and not made; and great leaders will arise when there is a great need.

The correct answer is A.

Achievement oriented leadership means encouraging subordinates to reach the highest performance by setting clear and challenging goals. This leader behavior is emphasized on excellent performance and improvement over current performance. The correct answer is E.

The minimum requirement for a crowd to become a group is interaction.

Intelligence; helps a leader solve complex problems.

In an organization when horizontal structure is dominant, the following features can be observed:

• Shared tasks, empowerment
• Relaxed hierarchy, few rules
• Horizontal communication, face-to-face
• Many teams and tasks forces and
• Decentralized decision making.

When vertical structure is dominant:

• Specialized task
• Strict hierarchy, many rules
• Vertical communication and reporting systems
• Few teams, task forces, or integrators and
• Centralized decision making are mostly the characteristics of the organization.

The correct answer is Choice C.

Formalization refers to the number of written documents comprising procedures, job descriptions, regulations, instructions and guidelines. Centralization refers to the direction –top or lower level- of decisions in organizational hierarchy. Specialization refers to the degree to which organizational tasks or work processes are subdivided into separate jobs. Henri Fayol was a French industrialist who examined administrative aspects of organizations in his book titled “General and Industrial Management” published in 1916. Fayol defined the important general principles of management, which are still used in various types of modern organizations. Departmentalization was one of his principles. He suggested that similar or related activities should be grouped in the same administrative units to achieve high level of coordination among employees working on relevant tasks. Thus, employees working physically close to each other can easily communicate and collaborate with the others in their departments. Hierarchy of authority refers to the number of managerial levels in an organization, and it is closely related to span of control – the number of employees reporting to a supervisor. The correct answer is Choice C.

Social influence is change in overt behavior caused by real or imagined pressure from others. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

Findings showed that especially Eastern societies exhibit paternalistic leadership features

According to social psychologists, conformity, compliance, and obedience are three major categories of social influence. Conformity is a change in one’s behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people. It is a behavior change designed to match the actions of others. People will conform when the situation is ambiguous, when the situation is a crisis, and when other people of the group are experts.The correct answer is A.

Cohesiveness is the strength of the members’ desire to remain in a team and their commitment to it. Interpersonal cohesion is the members’ attraction to other group members. Task cohesion is members’ attraction and commitment to the tasks and goals of the group.

Shipbuilders are in the categories Woodward classified as 'small batch and unit production'.

The interactionist perspective indicates that we have to analyse three important question to perceive conflict as dysfunctional or functional:

1. What type of conflict is it?
2. How long does it exist?
3. What is the intensity of the conflict?

The correct answer is Choice D.

Disagreement, controversy, disputes, tensions, and opposition are some of the
terms in common usage to cite the situations related to conflict.

The end goal of transformational leaders are to develop followers into leaders. The correct answer is C.