Charismatic leaders;

• have vision.

• have strong and inspirational articulation of future vision.

• are willing to take risks to achieve that vision.

• need high sensitive to both environment constraints and follower needs.

• have exhibit behaviors that are out of the ordinary.

Transactional leaders are more prone to focus on daily managerial activities.

Charismatic leaders are often products of certain circumstances and environments. Followers of charismatic leaders show respect and admiration as a source of referent power. The correct answer is D.

Nonmanagerial Employees is in the organizational hierarchy.

Self-confidence; helps a leader influence followers and motivates them to persevere in the face of obstacles or difficulties. Tolerance for stress; helps a leader deal with the uncertainty inherent in any leadership role. Integrity and honesty; help to ensure a leader behaves ethically and is worthy of followers’ trust and confidence.Emotional maturity; helps to ensure a leader is not overly self-centered, can control their feelings, and can accept criticism. Task-relevant knowledge; ensures that a leader knows what has to be done, how is should be done and what resources are required for a group organization to achieve its goals. 

The correct answer is D. 

Delphi method is a highly structured decisionmaking process in which participants are surveyed regarding their opinions or best judgments. The correct answer is B.

Environmental Contingency Factors

• Task Structure • Formal Authority System • Work Group

Subordinate Contingency Factors

• Locus of Control • Experience • Perceived Ability

Outcomes

• Performance • Satisfaction

Leader Behavior

• Directive • Participative • Achievement Oriented

Top-level managers have responsibility of developing long-term plans and strategies for organizations.

Middle level managers have direct hierarchical links with lower level managers.

The lower level managers are the individuals who are responsible for the operations of non-managerial groups or ordinary employees.

The correct answer is B.

Perceived Conflict: The second stage refers to partners’ becoming fully aware that they are in conflict. This is the stage when one party perceives the other to be likely to thwart or frustrate his/her goals.

Findings show that people participate groups for several reasons. Being member of a group helps people to fulfil important psychological and sociological needs such as belonging somewhere or attract attention of others. Sense of belonging is one of the most important reasons why people gather in groups, and gathering in groups has always been a characteristic of human behavior. The phrase from Gestalt psychology “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts” highlights that groups represent power. The unachievable becomes possible through group action. By joining groups, we can achieve things that we can’t when we are on our own. Also, we can get information that is not available to nonmembers of the groups. Groups also allow us to feel safe. Finally, being member of a group ensures a positive social identity (Brooks, 2016, p. 80-82; Kağıtçıbaşı, 2016, p. 273)."Achieving solitude and mindfulness" is not one of these reasons.

Aycan and Kanungo (2000) carried out a research to determine the cultural assumption of paternalism among 10 countries (Canada, USA, Turkey, China, Pakistan, India, Germany, Romania, Israel, and Russia). According to analyses, India, Pakistan, China, and Turkey have highest paternalism scores while Germany and Israel scores are the lowest.

The correct answer is E.

Brainstorming is a team decision making process whereby team members interact to generate as many alternative solutions to the problems as possible. Thereby, increasing decision acceptance and innovative solutions are the possible beneficial outcomes of brainstorming. The correct answer is Choice C. 

Obliging Style: Low concern for self and high concern for the other are called lose-win strategy. This style refers to ignore your own needs or goals, and try to satisfy the other conflict party’s interests.

Informal group is a collection of individuals who become a group when they develop interdependencies, influence one another’s behavior, and contribute to mutual need satisfaction. The correct answer is C. 

Pharmaceuticals is in the categories Woodward classified as 'continuous process production'.

Organizational conflict can be classified as intraorganizational (conflict within an organization) and interorganizational conflict (conflict between two or more organizations). Intraorganizational conflict, which is the main concern of this chapter, has four sub-levels: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, intragroup and intergroup conflict. The correct answer is Choice E.

Type A personality is characterized by impatience, a chronic sense of time urgency, enhanced competitiveness, aggressive drive, and often some hostility. A behavior, irritation and exasperation triggered by impatience and time urgency, free-floating hostility caused by even minor incidences and,  a competitive drive causing stress and achievement oriented mental framework.

Adjourning stage is about the termination of the group activities. Temporary groups have to end their lives in a professional manner. This stage might be characterized by positive emotions of joy and achievement, yet it might be a cause of disappointment or anger. This isn’t always a planned stage and may be rather unexpected. A planned conclusion is a better opportunity for goodbyes and recognition of achievements. The correct answer is E.

Task groups are constituted to solve a specific problem about the organization. They dissolve when the problem is solved.

1. Latent Conflict
2. Perceived Conflict
3. Felt Conflict
4. Manifest Conflict
5. Conflict Aftermath