A confederal system is one where loose states agree to abide by the dictates of a powerful central
government. Nations that constitute the confederacy are not obliged to follow the lead of a weak central
government. Examples of confederacies include the former Soviet Union, the Confederate States of the
United States (1861-1865), and Switzerland’s Canton system. So the correct answer is D.

Socialism adjusts the criterion of liberalism in such a way that it is radically altered. If the criterion of liberalism is that debts are owed to the self, then the criterion of socialism—the standard by which it judges entities, institutions and events—is that debts are owed to the self as constituted by society.

The central focus of interest of Political Science or Political scientists in all over the world is that of the political aspects of human relations in society. In this sense, Political Science is the scientific designation of the subject of our study. This name, “Political Science,” was accepted by some Political Scientists at a conference held on 16 September 1948 under the auspices of the UNESCO.

With new economic clout, China, which now calls itself a social capitalist
country, has increased its political reach and now seeks to control the South China and East China Seas with suspected oil deposits through a series of fortified man-made islands

Although they are in nominal control of their territory and have one dominant group with shared culture, religion, language, and traditions, these are not states in the international sense since they lack international recognition. Technically, they are countries and nations but not states.

Environmentalism suggests that we owe a debt to
the earth.

The seminal work of Karl Marx is Grundrisse.

Historical Materialism is the fundamental tenet of Marxism in all its ‘classical’ varieties. History is the product not of conscious decisions and ideas, but of ‘material’ processes and conditions which can be identified and described without reference to the mental states of those who participate in them. It is the changes in these material conditions which make necessary and bring about those changes in social, political and institutional superstructures which in aggregate form the substance of history.

The correct answer is B.

If a nation lacks treaty recognition but occupies a defined territory, it can be called a country.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau went even further in the refinement of this ideal of the arrangement between the rulers and the ruled that came to be known as social contract (social compact). He maintained that citizens had the right as sovereigns to create their own government.

The desire to unite all members of a group in one state is called irredentism (Fellman et al., 2007: 429-430).

At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a drastic change in the study of Political Science. Social sciences began to adopt the methods of natural sciences like observation, survey, and measurement. This caused radical changes in Political Science in terms of methods. Statistics and psychology have become tools used in Political Science. 

As many have observed, resistance to change is the abstract concept or negative moment of conservatism.

Socialism has had most success in the form of critique.

A typical community in early Greece was called a polis (city-state) and consisted of a walled urban center that was built on a natural acropolis with a surrounding territory of land under its control.

The system that is seen as the opposite of a monistic theory of state is pluralism. In a pluralistic system, sovereignty is considered as resting not only with the state, but also with many other institutions. The state is only one of the institutions among social, political, cultural, and economic institutions within the society.

The first four options refer to effects of globalisation in the domain of culture. However, the fifth option is particularly related to the economic impact of globalisation.

The correct answer is E.