Rajeev Bhargava points out that the word ‘political’ refers to decision-making within and about the community.

The philosophical approach to political science is generally identified with value preferences.

A constitution can be defined as a set of laws or legal provisions that outline the rights of citizens and the duties of government.

Aristotle said centuries ago that man is by nature and
necessity a social and political animal

Liberalism separates ‘church’ and ‘state’, by locating all matters of religion in privacy, so leaving the secular state dominant in public. Socialism alleges that the separation is an error, which leaves the self in thrall to religion.

In absolute monarchy, the monarch exercises total power over the land. Sometimes other political classes may exercise a certain degree of control on the monarch. These include social classes such as the aristocracy, the clergy, the middle class, and the lower class. A monarchy may have a symbolic legislature, and some form of government. However, the monarch exercises total control over these and may alter or dissolve them at will.

The correct answer is E.

To the Greeks, Politics is everything that touches the life of the state. Thus Aristotle called Politics as the ‘master science’. For the Greek, ‘Political’ then pertains to whatever is done within or by the State.

Frederick Pollock divides politics into theoretical politics and practical or applied politics (Pruthi, 2005: 65-66). According to him theoretical politics includes:
• The Theory of the State
• The Theory of Government
• The Theory of Legislation and
• The Theory of State as an Artificial Person

"The Theory of State as a Natural Person" is not included in this definition.

In its classical form Political Science had its origin in the ancient Greek city-states. The oriental people had speculated on the state and its problems even before the Greeks. But they did not develop Political Science in a pure and systematic form. Thus, historically the term ‘Politics’ itself was derived from the Greek words ‘Polis’ (city-state), ‘Polity’ (government), and ‘Politeia’ (constitution).

Geographically the city-states consisted of a walled city or body of water with an outlying area that provided the necessary goods for existence such as food for those within the boundaries of the walls.

Harold Laski thought that liberalism is ‘not a clearcut body of doctrine.’ But he defined it nonetheless by saying the liberal seeks ‘to indicate the right of the individual to shape his own destiny, regardless of any authority which might seek to limit his possibilities’ (Laski, 1936: 14-15).

The desire of a nation-state is to annex its fellow group members in other officially recognized states. The desire to unite all members of a group in one state is called irredentism.

The correct answer is A.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, theorists including Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau developed popular sovereignty, which means that ultimate authority lies with the people. This concept arose in opposition to the centralising tendencies of some monarchs who claimed a divine right to rule and the rise of absolutist monarchs in the 17th century. Focusing on the relationship between governments and people, Rousseau held that government must rely on the consent of the governed, the volonté générale(“general will”). Rousseau's refinement of this ideal of the arrangement between the rulers and the ruled that came to be known as social contract.

The correct answer is B.

Presidents can often pardon or commute sentences of convicted criminals.

Aristotle, the father of Political Science, regarded it as the master science. Scholars such as Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes and Henry Sidgwick also held the same view. But writers such as Frederic W. Maitland and Auguste Comte maintain that there can be no such thing as a scientific study of state and government. They agree with Edmund Burke that there is no science in Politics.

A Marxist is someone who attempts to understand why the shift from an unenlightened order to an enlightened order was not as successful as many had anticipated, and then attempts to understand how socialism can be the historical completion of this shift.

The conservative says that the criterion of a self constituted by both social and historical existence means that there is no historical task, only the necessity of not sundering ourselves from history, as liberals and even socialists seem to require us to do. We have a debt to those who are dead as well as to those who are alive.

Legitimacy, in the political science context,
can be defined as recognition of the right of rulers to
govern.

In other countries such as China, the legislature
is unicameral- made up of only one house.
Unicameral systems may be found in countries
such as Turkey, China, New Zealand, Norway,
and Hungary. Examples of bicameral systems are
the United States, France, Canada, the United
Kingdom, and Italy.