In the United States, there is a constitutional republic as stated in the preamble of the constitution; “ in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty. The correct answer is C:

The answer is A.

Libertarian political belief may be classified as minimal government influence on behavior. 

Denizenship is a status of residential quasi-citizenship combined with external formal citizenship granted by the sending country. Denizenship is often considered to be a step in the process of migrant integration in the receiving country. It is therefore rarely regarded as a mode of transnational citizenship (Bauböck, 2007: 2396).

Differentiated citizenship means that members of certain groups will be incorporated into the political community not only as individuals but also through the group, and that their rights will depend on their group membership.

New global population shifts feed into a process that has resulted in the creation of new citizenship types, such as ecological citizenship, cosmopolitan citizenship, economic citizenship, sexual citizenship, health citizenship, liberal citizenship, republican citizenship, cultural and multicultural citizenship, and transnational citizenship, to name a few. The correct answer is B.

Conservative political belief emphasizes fixed and unchanging rules for stability. 

The answer id D.

A socialist parliamentary government represents democracy in India, the world’s largest democracy based on population. India’s democracy tries to provide equal opportunity for all Indian citizens by removing economic inequality to reduce concentration of wealth.

Saudi Arabia is considered an oligarchy since the Saudi family controls the government. The Saudi oligarchy has hereditary origin. No one leader controls all elements of government because power is distributed through family members, even if the head of the Saudi family is considered head of the state.

In Germany, non European Union immigrants, and even their offspring, were not easily able to obtain citizenship until the year 2000.The new law, which was introduced in 2000, partially changed the principle of descent (jus sanguinis) that has always been the country’s traditional basis for granting citizenship. The correct answer is A.

Park’s famous theory of Race Relations Cycle addresses integration in the urban space at four different stages:

• Contact - encounter

• Competition (over scarce resources)

• Accommodation by the state (peaceful coexistence)

• Assimilation/integration (forced, or intentional).

Questionable approaches to promoting democracy and frequent conflicts between actions and promises have prevented democratic systems from being imported from another country. An effort on the part of the United States, Great Britain, and others to justify the invasion of Iraq in 2003 in the name of promoting democracy is an example of how this has happened. 

Slovaj Zizek defines multiculturalism as an upside-down and silent form of distant racism: “respecting” the identity of the other, conceiving the other as an “authentic” closed community against which the multiculturalist maintains a distance made possible by his/her privileged universal position.The correct answer is D.

The second most common type of electoral system used in democracies is single-member plurality (SMP). In SMP the candidate who gets the most votes wins the election. Countries such as Egypt, Canada, Great Britain, the United States, and Yemen use a type of SMP system. Approximately 26% of the democracies use this type of system for their lower chamber.

In most democratic governments there are three distinct branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judiciary branch. The legislative branch usually is the main arm of the government that establishes the laws of the land. The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. The executive branch is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations. The judiciary branch ensures that all laws are acceptable or constitutional.

Post-national citizenship is a very modern idea. 

Non-governmental organizations result from international issues that transcend political ideologies. Examples include the Red Cross to support disaster victims and Doctors Without Borders to support communities suffering health crises. The correct answer is D.

Interculturalism is the critic of the multiculturalist approach, focusing on individuals rather than groups. Interculturalism helps to create discussion and actual engagement between individuals from different cultures and religions. The correct answer is E:

One of the most critical forms of civil disobedience is refusing to pay taxes. Another popular form of disobedience is demonstrated by spontaneous protest marches where government permission to assembly is not granted. More active involvement could include demonstrating through boycotts, sit-ins, or other forms of civil resistance through disruption.