It has to be kept in mind that ideal state of Plato is not a historical one. It has
not become concretein any period of history. It is timeless. Four elements affect the degeneration of the states: disappearance of internal harmony of society, violation of division of labour within the society, emergence of economical class conflicts, and finally, moral corruption and destruction of unity of the rulers.

"A) The need of mass for social knowledge" is one of the reasons
for the birth of sophist thought in Athens.

Legibus solutus means solved/released from laws; and used to denote the situation when the ruler is not subject to the sanctions of laws, or, when the ruler- a tyrant, or a dictator in this case- sees himself as “above the laws”.

Political thoughts are not descriptive, but normative perspectives; meaning that they do not aim to find out how things are, but attempt to convince us how things ought to be.

Relying on aforementioned background information, we can notice that power inevitably refers to the use of force in relational terms.

Protectionist policies aim to preserve the economy from harsh competition or particular sectors from foreign competitors in order to speed up the development and increase the pace of the economic growth. 

Dominium, as a legal term in Latin, means ownership or right to possess a property, or, to have control over a certain property, i.e., the right to use it.

In the 19th Century France, the terms of left and right were used to delineate the supporters of the Republic vis-á-vis the supporters of the monarchy.

The statements in the choices B to E are not true of the contextual approach. The contextual approach states that political thought of a given time should be interpreted with the historical events of that time to be able to understand it better.

The statements in II, III and IV are correct.  The statement in I is not correct because the term left/right was originated during the French Revolution (18^th century)

Free population of Athens had four strata: Eupatrides, geomores, demiurgus, and thetes – the nobles, small farmers, craftsmen, and poor peasants, respectively (Ağaoğulları, 2011, p.36). Both inter-class and intra-class struggles between these groups had led to different types of administrations such as Aristocracy, oligarchy, plutocracy, and democracy. Perioikos (strata of Sparta)

Fuqaha is the plural form of faqih. Faqih is the person who either is specialized in the Islamic science of law (ilm al-fıqh) or the execution of law.

Christianity is agreed to be indifferent to matters of slavery; which is also compatible with the Ancient Greek thought. The following quotations from the different parts of The New Testament show that slavery is not considered a big social problem in the eyes of Christianity. Moreover, Christianity advises slaves to be obedient to their masters, regardless of whether they are good or evil: However, there are also verses that refer to the equality and unity of all human beings-around the personality of Jesus Christ, which leads us to thinking that the social order making room for slavery is only a worldly illusion. On the basis of these quotations from the primary source of Christianity, it is possible to argue that even religions-including the monotheistic were inadequate in changing the socio-economic circumstances of the time they emerged. So, even the apostles of Jesus Christ did not have enough courage and confidence to forbid and/or to stand against slavery although Christianity is quite often advertised as “the religion of free will/freedom”.

Christianity is agreed to be indifferent to matters of slavery, which is also compatible with the ancient Greek thought. Thus, the correct answer is D.

Conditio sine qua non is a Latin term most frequently used in logic; and it means the condition in the absence of which something cannot be: So, politics cannot be understood without any reference to  fiqh.

Canon law is divine law, natural or positive, incorporated in the sacred book collections and codes

Women should, in general, be ruled by men. The inferiority of women was already the general opinion in the medieval ages, but Aristotle also reinforced it.

A comprehensive understanding of the western political thought requires a careful reading of the early Greek and Roman tradition in this field. Political institutions in ancient Greece started with the birth of polis that is today literally known as city. However, the polis, beyond various concrete structures, represented a particular social organization where a vivid and secure atmosphere for social, political, and cultural opportunities as well as discussions about them were being provided to residents.

The characteristics that should be possessed by the ruler/Imam/Caliph, or by the philosopher-king, on Averroës’ view, are as follows: 1. Love of knowledge and the aptitude to acquire theoretical sciences and teach them, 2. Good retention-as a prerequisite for learning, 3. Love of learning, 4. Love of truth and hatred of falsehood, 5. Contempt for sensual pleasures, 6. Aversion to amassing wealth (as well as desire for wealth), 7. Magnanimity, 8. Courage, 9. Resolve to pursue on his own for what is good or beautiful, 10. Eloquence/facility in expressing thoughts, 11. Ability to light quickly on the middle term (Fakhry, 2001: 111). These criteria, according to Averroës, are both in compliance with the ethical standards of Plato and Aristotle on one hand, and, with the ethical code of shari‘ah on the other (ibid).