The correct answer is option B. The value that workers produce above their wages, which is at the survival level, is called surplus value that is appropriated by capitalists as their profit.

Enlightenment is one of the most important parts of the “modernity”. In the first period of the modernity, which is considered to have begun with the Renaissance, it was seen that the trade bourgeois emerged and the absolute monarchs ascended. The Scientific Revolution and the Reform movement have provided the least of the influence of the Catholic Church, which dominated politics in the past. Factors that emerged has caused the church’s authority to erode within societies.Parallel to this, the influence of the Pope on the political administrations has also been greatly reduced. 

The development of cities in the 16th century turned these places into centers where new relations, new classes, new demands, new expectations, new political struggles, and new nerves of energy were connected and redistributed. Especially the bourgeoisie using the money from the trade made the cities the main places of the conflict between old and new the social classes. On the other hand, the bourgeoisie and the emerging urban middle class would be one of the main supporting forces behind the Renaissance and the Reformation.

- According to Rousseau, people have inherent potential for development and progress. 

-Like other thinkers of the period, Rousseau’s point of departure is the natural state hypothesis. 

-Rousseau assumed full equality between people in their nature. Therefore, it also excluded private property from sources of inequality (Rousseau, 2002, p. 83-84). 

Locke is considered the father of Liberalism – equality of everyone. His view on property owning contradicts such equality.

The correct answer is E.

Correct answer is option A. The Pacifist Anarchists share the common idea that the use of violence is not a viable way for social change. In addition, violence and war are unjustifiable, indefensible and all changes should be made with peaceful means.

Martin Luther’s posting of the Ninety-Five theses at Wittenberg is seen as the start of the Protestant Reformation.

Freedom refers to the liberation of people from self-restraint and becoming a “rational autonomous subject”. The man who moves with a reason will take his destiny in his own hand, using an attitude that is called free-will. The last concept that is determinant
in terms of the enlightenment is the critique.

The common theme of the Enlightenment expressed in three separate categories was the conception of politics and society in which the mind was decisive at all. In addition, with regards to all three Enlightenment schools, the idea of freedom appeared to play
a vital role. This approach is closely related to the political developments of the period.

Like Hobbes, Spinoza held that citizens are well-advised to give up their right and power to the state in return for the protection so that they can pursue self- preservation.

Utilitarian approach

He was known by his criticism of moral relativism. According to Strauss, the birth of political philosophy is the trial and the death of Socrates.

The superstructure of the society is composed of all of the non-material institutions in the society such as religion, government, law, education, art, values, ideology and so forth. A is the correct answer.

Montesquieu is an important contributor to the emergence of “social sciences” as a discipline.

Rawls identifies five categories of primary goods. These are pointed out as basic rights and liberties; freedom of movement and free choice of occupation; powers and prerogatives of offices and positions of authority and responsibility; income and wealth; and the social bases of self-respect

Godwin