The correct answer is B.

Thomas Aquinas claims that the best form of government is a mixed government combining elements of democracy, aristocracy and kingship (Summa, 1–2, q. 105, a. 1). 

What Utopia is mainly concerned with is the happiness of people. According to More, happiness is not a singular thing. Happiness has a collective characteristic. The way to reach happiness is through implementing the equality principle. According to More, equality cannot be ensured in a state where property is monopolized and absolute. Thus, eliminating the ownership of property is the only way to distribute the wealth of the country equally and fairly and to make people happy. Therefore, the correct option is B.

The sovereign is confronted with limitations that might come from the economic conditions. According to Bodin, since property naturally belongs to a family, it should be beyond the domain of power of sovereignty. Bodin’s preference for the best form of government is monarchy. Therefore, the correct option is C.

In Republic, a well-known work of Plato, the central issue is “justice” and it is discussed in relation to the concept of “virtue”. Hence, B is the correct answer. 

The Eighteenth Century is commonly referred to as the “Age of Enlightenment” in terms of the history of political thought. Indeed, the rational thinking based on the Enlightenment movement portrayed the main characteristic of this century. Enlightenment has brought radical changes to both social and political sphere.

The fact that the church tried to centralize and protect its status quo led to the questioning of the Catholic universalism represented by the Roman Church. This religious universality would be dissolved with Renaissance and Reformation. The technological development that laid the groundwork for this new social formation was that the printing technology had been renewed. At such a time, Martin Luther lit the fuse of the Reformation movement. On October 31, 1517, he posted The Ninety-Five Theses to the door of the church of Wittenberg Palace. These theses had social and political demands as much as theological ones. These demands had three main consequences.

1. Catholic world was divided

2. The churches were brought under the control of the states.

3. The bourgeoisie used these these demands as a weapon against its opponents such as aristocracy and the Roman Catholic Church. 

Therefore, the correct option is D.

Immanuel Kant is the most important name of the German Enlightenment idea. He has also provided one of the best-known definitions of Enlightenment: “Enlightenment is man’s emergence from his self-imposed immaturity.” Here, the expression “immaturity” is particularly important.

As mentioned at the beginning, there are basically three separate Enlightenment Schools (French, Scottish and German).

Rawlsian model is based on the concept of "fairness" which he himself coined. Thus, C is the correct answer.  

Montesquieu is an important contributor to the emergence of “social sciences” as a discipline.Montesquieu tried to explain historical events and current developments with concrete movements rather than abstract analyzes like community contracts.

On the other hand, the bourgeoisie and the emerging urban middle class would be one of the main supporting forces behind the Renaissance and the Reformation. Those who politicized the reformation movement on another level would be the peasants. It was evident that as the Renaissance was spreading all over Europe, its content inevitably began to change. Increasing numbers of translations were made from Greek and Latin languages. There was an increasing desire not only to read the ancient masterpieces but also to challenge their findings. The best examples of this situation are the scientific developments of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo (Harman, 2009: 180).

(d) is not Calvin’s view. As a matter of fact, he states that the main governors should be prevented from becoming tyrants.

According to Rousseau, inequality between people is two kinds. The first is “natural or physical inequalities” that occur outside the wills such as age, health, body. The other is defined as “spiritual or political inequalities” based on a kind of reconciliation and on people’s acceptance or at least acceptance. Developments that lead to unequal conditions, such as power and property, that are not found in nature, fall into this second strand. 

In the 16th century, all kingdoms deliberately adopted the policy of running national sources, promoting trade both at home and abroad, and developing national power. At this very point, in order to name 16th century capitalism as commercial capitalism, it is necessary to get into the further stages leading to industrial capitalism.

-Immanuel Kant is the most important name of the German Enlightenment idea. 

-Kant opposed the idea that the reason was the only way to bring humanity to reality. On the contrary, the reason is not exempt from critical thinking.

- Kant has argued that one of the most prominent features of Enlightenment is the “age of criticism”.

- According to Kant, the individual does not have an area of unlimited freedom. 

Considering existing archival information, it is not possible to specify a precise date for the birth of the polis. We already know that there were settlements on the Greek geography starting from the 2nd Millennium B.C. On the other hand, polis, as a social settlement with its ideological and political institutions, appears at the 5th Century B.C., at the middle of the classical age.