The Enlightenment Thought, born in the Eighteenth Century, shows a characteristic that places the reason at center. It can be said that the Enlightenment was symbolically a period beginning with the English Revolution of 1688 and reaching the peak by the French Revolution of 1789.

Criminal justice, social justice

Individual responsibility and entitlement

Avicenna believes that the prophet acquires knowledge but this acquisition “is not an uncritical reception [of this knowledge] merely on authority, but rather occurs in an order which includes the middle terms (reasoning). For beliefs accepted on authority concerning those things which are known only through their causes possess no intellectual certainty.

Scottish Enlightenment has some basic assumptions, such as spontaneous order and market economy. This is the most important difference of the Scottish Enlightenment from the French Enlightenment thought.

POLITICAL THOUGHT IN THE 19th CENTURY
The Nineteenth Century is a time of radical changes in the political arena. Under the influence of the revolutions of the previous century, a new state formation called “nation-state” began to rise in different parts of the world. The nation-state model that takes its legitimacy from governing of people has spread to different parts of the world after the French Revolution. Thus, the concept of “national sovereignty” emerged. It is also seen that democracies have also increased in the same period.  In the same period, slavery was abolished and people’s understanding of equality was deepened. 

The Eighteenth Century is commonly referred to as the “Age of Enlightenment” in terms of the history of political thought. Indeed, rational thinking based on the Enlightenment movement portrayed the main characteristic of this century.

Jean Jaques Rousseau

Montesquieu

Immanuel Kant

David Hume

All of these lived in the 18th century

The scheme presented by Plato portrays a static societal structure. Indeed, he was aware of the fact that ordinary states cannot achieve all these virtues and thus turn into a just organisation.

The correct answer is C.

The main question of Dworkin’s perspective about the equality in resource ownership is about why society should keep compensating undesired outcomes emerging due to individuals’ own choices.

:All the ideas given in the question were supported by Leo Tolstoy. Tolstoy is regarded as one of the greatest anarchists, particularly within the Christian Anarchism. The law of God was superior to the law of men. According to Tolstoy, the basis of political power was physical violence. He criticized the fraud of government, the immortality of patriotism and the danger of militarism. Accordingly, the state was a consequence of the execution of the power of the strong over the weak. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

According to Locke, property is a natural right. His initial idea is that everything in the world is the common property of everyone. His basic premise on property is that it is in every individual’s self: In its strict sense, property is the labor an individual produce by its own force and skills.

The group that Machiavelli mainly addresses in The Prince is the one who seizes and maintains power by force of arms and their skills. Machiavelli says very little in his work titled The Prince about for which reason or for which purpose princes wish to come to power, but the work is full of advice about the means that can be used in policy.

Marx's surplus value theory adopts Ricardo's iron law of wages. The correct option is C.

Stirner

Re-conceptualisation of the issue of power

With Proudhon and Tolstoy, Godwin objected to the use of violence. A İs the correct answer.