According to Gestalt psychology, individual elements of any experience cannot explain the experience itself. It suggested that elements of any experience interact with each other and humans perceive a pattern or a whole of these interactions, which takes place across time and/or space. Thus, psychology should consider the whole in order to understand its parts because the whole of anything is greater than its parts.

The explanations in all options except E related to the two terms, measurement and assessment are correct. However, not assessment but measurement refers to the symbolic representation, especially digital, of the characteristics, qualities and objects through observation.

According to the theory developed by William James and Carl Lange, the body reacts to the nearby events, and when this reaction is noticed, an emotion occurs accompanied with these physiological changes.

The needs from the bottom level to the top can be listed as follows respectively:

• basic physiological needs such as hunger, thirst, breathing, sexuality and sleeping
• the need for safety for family, job and properties
• social needs related to love and belonging such as family, social groups, close friendship
• the need for the appreciation of value achievement and respect
• self-actualization which covers the superiority of morality, creativity and problem solution.
  

Materialism is a philosophical approach, which rejected the idea of mind and body as separate entities. According to materialism, the mind is not something spiritual or nonphysical. The mind is just a part of the body. That is, the roots of the mind can be found in the body. 

In Gestalt psychology, human mind organizes the experience in a way that is not reducible to the sum of its parts. Accordingly, elements of any experience interact with each other and humans perceive a pattern or a whole of these interactions, which takes place across time and/or space.

Scientific research doesn’t make philosophical explanations.

Secondary gestures and mimics involve non-social body movements associated with body needs such as yawning, sneezing and coughing. They can give cluesabout the source as well. For instance, yawning many times can reflect the reactions of the individual to an ongoing speech.

Casual Knowledge is not based on theory and not a product of scientific method. Moreover, it not a kind of knowledge that is obtained after a plan. These are actually the features of scientific knowledge. That is why A, C and E are all incorrect.

B is also incorrect since ‘casual knowledge’ is the type which is not necessarily organized. However, scientific knowledge accumulates systematically and therefore, the correct answer is D.

The research problem should be researchable, observable, measurable, and assessable.

Science is objective: Science generates impartial knowledge, and scientific conclusions do not vary across individuals.

Document analysis involves examining visual and written materials that contain information about the phenomena or events to be researched.

Sex is the primary drive related to reproduction behavior, is stimulated through biological and environmental factors.

The psychoanalysis approach, founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), suggested that psychology should study human mind by discovering the unconscious processes.

Table 1.2 'Other disciplines interested in human behavior', on page 5. 

Transmission to the brain is crucial for perception. During this transmission, neurons interact with each other is electrical energy is processed through networks of neurons, which is called neural processing.

Hunger is not an emotion type.

Using unreal data on reports is considered as a scientific deception.

Since the beginning of psychology, there have been different approaches to the study of human behavior. These approaches provided a variety of viewpoints for psychology to understand complicated human behavior better. Although some of these approaches (structuralism and functionalism) are not valid today, each made valuable contribution to the development of psychology as an independent discipline.

Variables is not a section of a research paper and the contents.