Olfactory adaptation is the reduction in response to a continuing smell. 

Materialism is a philosophical approach, which rejected the idea of mind and body as separate entities. According to materialism, the mind is not something spiritual or nonphysical. The mind is just a part of the body. That is, the roots of the mind can be found in the body. This implied that working of the mind can be explained through the working of the body. This also implied that internal psychological processes are understood by exploring the physical principles of the body.

Variables are the focal points of any research; for example, age, gender, marital status, socio-economic status, and academic success.

Document analysis is used in data collection and analysis in qualitative research and it refers to analyzing written and visual materials containing information about the target phenomena or events. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

All the properties indicated in the options A, B, D, and E belong to scientific knowledge. For instance, unlike A, casual knowledge is based on personal intuition. Unlike B, it includes personal desires and subjective comments. Unlike D, it is relevant to personal decision-making. Unlike E, it is directed towards instant personal needs. As for C, while scientific knowledge is based on theory, the casual knowledge is based on personal intuition.

Gathering Information about the Problem

Explanation of behavior researchers in psychology must follow some scientific rules.

Phenomenology research aims to unravel individuals’ experiences and perceptions about a phenomenon, and the meaning they assign to it.

Direct measurement is a term used for measuring the target features without any influence from other variables. In this measurement type, the features of the variable to be measured and the measurement tool are of the same kind. The correct answer is E.

Behaviorism was influenced by functionalism and empiricism.

First two examples clearly exemplify the statement in the questions.

Abraham Maslow classified the needs shaping human behavior in the form a pyramid and accordingly, achieving self-actualization is the last step involving the attempts to do an individual’s best by using his full potential. However, very few people can reach this step. The correct answer is C.

Stimulant-based motives, which are examples of unlearned motives, mainly depend on external stimulants and aim to obtain information from nearby environment. Motives such as curiosity and scrutiny direct individuals to search and change nearby environment.

In general, people want to learn what there is in a dark room, where an unknown road leads to and how the telephone works. Sometimes the answers to such questions may not have vital importance for people. Therefore, this motive is only about obtaining information and does not have any other important contribution to the individual.

The human behavior has always drawn the interest of scholars from other disciplines such as philosophy, sociology, anthropology, biology, physiology, medicine, and computer science. However, geography is not one of the disciplines interested in human behavior. Therefore, the answer is B.

Correlation is the degree of the relationship between two or more variables.

Occlusion: This is a result of nearer objects covering up part of farther objects.

Developmental psychology studies human behavior in the context of aging. It aims to understand how human behavior changes with aging across life. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

In order to understand behavior, psychology holds five aims: to describe, to explain, to predict, to control, and to improve the behavior. Punishing is NOT one of these aims.

Perception, on tne other hand, is the process of analyzing, recognizing, interpreting, and organizing this information.