Gestalt psychology suggests that psychology should consider the whole in order to understand its parts because the whole of anything is greater than its parts.

While scientific fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, zoology, botany, and physiology are classified as physical sciences, branches such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, ethnology, economics, and law are considered to be sub-branches of social sciences.

Some researchers in documentaries start living with the members of a tribe in order to get to know and understand their culture better. This kind of studies are examples for ethnography.

Philosphy doesn’t need to analyze the relations that exist in nature.

Interview is not a casual chat but a purposeful conversation. Interview is one of the significant data collection techniques used in qualitative research.

Texture Gradient refers to elements that are equally spaced in a scene appear to be more closely packed as distance increases.

Measurement refers to symbolic representation, especially digital, of the characteristics, qualities, and objects—in other words, the variables—through observation.

Proximity: When things are near each other, they appear to be grouped together.

Perception occurs when the electiric signals of the leaf-shaped bug representation reach the brain in a transformed form. Realization of the leafshaped bug (not leaf) is called recognition; walking towards it to see it clearly is an action. Recognition and action are the outcomes of theperceptual process. 

Plagiarism means using others’ studies without citing, or manipulating them on purpose. In short, researchers have to avoid from any form of deception.

The visual system consists of structures including the eye, optic nerve, and visual cortex. The activity of this system begins with the visual representation of the stimuli in the external world. The pupil regulates the amount of light according to its brightness (by contracting and dilating). You can think of your eye as a camera. Light enters the eye through its pupil, focuses on the cornea and lenses, and then reaches the rods and cones, the receptor cells on the retina (Figure 4.3). The role of receptor cells is to convert the light energy into neural messages. The cones are plentiful in the fovea, but they become less and less prevalent as one moves away from the fovea to the retina’s periphery. The opposite is true for rods. The rods aren’t located in the fovea and the density increases toward the periphery.

Placebo effect is how some individuals recover from illnesses by taking fake medicine without receiving a real treatment.

Social sciences is the common name used for those that study social events and humans’ social and cultural activities. Anthropology is a social science while the others are physical sciences.

Philosophy of science (epistemology) is a subfield of philosophy. Epistemology is a thinking act about the basic principles of a science or a scientific field.

The physiological changes in the body in relation to emotions are also used for the working principles of a lie detector. Unusual increase in heartbeat, dry mouth and similar physiological reactions are the signs of excitement, and they are used to make decisions about whether a person is lying or not.

Predicting refers to foreseeing the behavior in different condition.

Science is objective not subjective.

Social psychology studies human behavior in relation with others’ behavior. It aims to understand how others influence humans’ behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.

Light enters the eye through its pupil, focuses on the cornea and lenses, and then reaches the rods and cones, the receptor cells on the retina. The role of receptor cells is to convert the light energy into neural messages.

The trichromatic theory is idea that the light of a particular wave length stimulates the three different receptor mechanisms, each with different spectral sensitivities.