Self-actualization which covers the superiority of morality, creativity and problem solution.

Researchers in psychology need to come with a theoretical question that has not already been answered. A theoretical question in a scientific study needs to be in the form of hypothesis, which expresses the prediction derived from the theory. Therefore, the answer is C since it gives us the incorrect information about research in psychology.

Approach of structuralism suggested that psychology should study human mind by discovering the structures of consciousness.

In qualitative approach, social reality is different from physical reality and social reality is not objective. However, in quantitative approach, social reality is regarded as physical reality and it is objective. Quantitative approach values the product, that is, the results rather than process whereas it is the opposite for qualitative research. Quantitative approach flows a strict plan and it is impossible to bend it whereas in qualitative one, the plan can be amended based on data or emerging condition. A quantitative research stems from a theory and moves towards a part whereas in qualitative research the aim is to reach a theory. It is clear that A, B, D, and E options reflect the primary features of quantitative approach. However, the option C is a feature of qualitative approach. In qualitative research, the aim is not to generalize but to analyze the subject comprehensively.

Physical sciences, also called natural sciences, is the general name for the branches of science such as physics, chemistry, biology, zoology, botany, and physiology. The social sciences include sub-branches such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, ethnology, economics, and law.

It is relevant to reaching a general truth.

Distance perception is the act of knowing or recognizing a distance by previous experineces or recollective thought.

Research results are not considered as a variable.

Sociology interested in human behavior as study of nature of existence, reality, knowledge, language, morality.

Medicine is about diagnosing and treating the diseases and maintaining health. Sociology is the study of human social relationships, structures, institutions, and politics; and philosophy is concerned with nature of existence. Finally, physiology is concerned with physical processes in organisms.

• joy and anticipation = optimism
• acceptance and fear = submission
• surprise and sadness = disproval
• anger and disgust = contempt
• joy and acceptance = love
• anticipation and anger = aggressiveness
• fear and surprise = Awe (dread?*)
• disgust and sadness = remorse.

 The correct option is A. Hypothesis or research questions is included in the introduction part of a research project. The rest of options, that are, B, C, D, and E are included in the methodology part of a research project.

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990), saw both humans and animals as empty organisms behaving like machines. He introduced instrumental (operant) learning and the concepts of reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement refers to the conditions where the behavior occurs again because the obtained stimulus is positive (e.g., good treatment). Punishment refers to the conditions where the behavior is not likely to occur again because the obtained stimulus is negative (e.g., bad treatment).

Empiricism is a philosophical approach about how humans acquire knowledge.

Psychology separated from philosophy and became a discipline on its own right in the late nineteenth century. It has come to be accepted as an independent discipline with the foundation of its own laboratory and development of its own methodology.

Idealism is a philosophical approach about the nature of human knowledge.

Social psychology studies human behavior in relation with others’ behavior. It aims to understand how others influence humans’ behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.

Psychoanalysis approach to the study of human behavior supports the idea that psychology should study human mind by discovering the unconscious processes.

Physical sciences, also called natural sciences, is the general name for the branches of science such as physics, chemistry, biology, zoology, botany, and physiology. The social sciences include sub-branches such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, ethnology, economics, and law. 

In causal-comparative research the difference between two or more groups can be studied with respect to one variable.