Measurement refers to symbolic representation, especially digital, of the characteristics, qualities, and objects—in other words, the variables—through observation. To put it differently, measurement means to convert quality into quantity.

Homeostasis explains how much of the substances should be taken by body to keep a balance. The correct answer is B.

Materialism is a philosophical approach, which rejected the idea of mind and body as separate entities. According to materialism, the mind is not something spiritual or nonphysical. The mind is just a part of the body. That is, the roots of the mind can be found in the body.

Gestures and Mimics make emotions and thoughts tangible and concrete by accompanying the expression of emotions and thoughts and the given description belongs to schematic gestures and mimics. The correct answer is A.

Literature review belongs to the introduction stage of a research.

Plutchik developed “Wheel of Emotion” by placing emotions according to some criteria. As shown in figure 3.2, the neighboring emotions are similar while those at the opposite ends are opposite emotions; for instance anticipation surprise, joy-sadness etc. In addition, it is possible to have different emotions by combining different emotions in the “Wheel of Emotion”. To illustrate,

• joy and anticipation = optimism
• acceptance and fear = submission
• surprise and sadness = disproval
• anger and disgust = contempt
• joy and acceptance = love
• anticipation and anger = aggressiveness
• fear and surprise = Awe (dread ?*)
• disgust and sadness = remorse

Maslow's hierarchy of needs from the bottom level to the top can
be listed as follows respectively:
• basic physiological needs such as hunger,
thirst, breathing, sexuality and sleeping
• the need for safety for family, job and
properties
• social needs related to love and belonging
such as family, social groups, close friendship
• the need for the appreciation of value,
achievement and respect
• self-actualization which covers the superiority
of morality, creativity and problem solution

Approach of behaviorism, emerged in the USA, suggested that psychology should study the observable behavior. Behaviorism was influenced by functionalism and empiricism. It emphasized the relationship between behavior and environment. It suggested that psychology should question what happens in people’s environment and how they behave accordingly. That is, how the environment shapes the behavior.

Perception occurs when the electric signals of the leaf-shaped bug representation reach the brain in a transformed form. Realization of the leaf- shaped bug (not leaf ) is called recognition; walking towards it to see it clearly is an action. Recognition and action are the outcomes of the perceptual process.

Indirect measurement refers to measuring a variable that is not fit for direct measurement by using measurement tools that supposedly measure this particular variable.

There are two definitions of sound: physical and perceptual. The physical definition of sound refers to the pressure change in the air, whereas the perceptual definition refers to the experience that we have during hearing. Human ear consists of three parts inner, outer and middle ear. Sound travels at a constant speed in the air. A sound wave is defined by three components: frequency, amplitude and phase. 

The middle ear contains three bones: anvil, stirrup and hammer. -e sound wave arriving at the inner ear reaches the structure cochlea, which resembles a snail shell. The liquid in the cochlea vibrates because of sound waves.

A hypothesis is the prediction of the results of a research.

We can distinguish objects from each other and from the background through our color perception. 

There are four principles of law of proximity that the Gestalt psychologists proposed to explain how perceptual grouping occurs: Grouping by (a) proximity; (b) common region; (c) connectedness and (d) synchrony. According to the law of closure, our brains sometimes fill in gaps in order to create a meaningful image. 

A sound wave is defined by three components: frequency, amplitude and phase.

Secondary gestures and mimics: They involve non-social body movements associated with body needs such as yawning, sneezing and coughing. They can give clues about the source as well.

Clinical Psychology studies the behavioral, emotional, and cognitive problems in humans.

Gestalt psychology was a reaction against structuralism, which attempted to divide human experience or consciousness into its elements. According to Gestalt psychology, individual elements of any experience cannot explain the experience itself.

Psychology separated from philosophy and became a discipline on its own right in the late nineteenth century. It has come to be accepted as an independent discipline with the foundation of its own laboratory and development of its own methodology.