Sensation includes the information contained in the enviromental stimuli that are captured by the relevant sensory system and transmitted to the brain. 

Some of the fundamental characteristics of science are as follows:

• It is objective

• It focuses on the reality in nature

• It is systematic and organized

• It is cumulative

• It is replicable

Philosophy tries to discover what should be, but science focuses on analyzing the relations that exist in nature.

Beginning of modern psychology dates back to the late nineteenth century, when Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) founded first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.

Abraham Maslow classified the needs shaping human behavior in the form of a pyramid; placing the most basic ones at the bottom step and the most complex ones at the top. While basic physiological needs such as hunger and thirst are placed at the bottom step, the top step houses self-realization, which is about individuals’ using all their potentials, as the highest level need in the hierarchy.

Above explanation belongs to the objectivity of science.

Materialism is a philosophical approach, which rejected the idea of mind and body as separate entities.

Incentives refer to non-biological elements that appeal to an individual even if he does not feel any need and trigger him for an action accordingly. These elements might be in the form of objects or events that attract individual’s attention.

There are four main ethical principles that researchers have to follow:

        • Avoiding scientific deception

Some people feel the need to control the events and people nearby. Fatalism, which means waiting for the consequences of events, is more dominant in some societies. On the other hand, other societies want to control the situation and reach the desired consequences.

There are four main ethical principles that researchers have to follow:

• Not harming the participants
• Granting written consent from the
• participants
• Preserving confidentiality
• Avoiding scientific deception.

Humanistic perspective focused on the concepts such as free will, creativity, personal choice, responsibility, personality growth, selfworth, and self-actualization. It argued that humans are good in nature and have a potential or natural drive for positive development and change. The correct answer is A.

Scientific research refers to a systematic process of data collection and analysis whereas method is a planned way to reach specific results.

The place theory suggests that sounds with different pitch generate neural messages in different sets of neurons, which in turn induce different fibers in the hearing cortex. The place theory of pitch perception states that different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. So this theory cannot completely explain how we perceive low pitch sounds that create synchronized reaction in the basilar membrane. According to the temporal theory, the activity level of a sensory neuron codes the frequency. This means that a given hair cell fires action potentials related to the frequency of the sound wave. 

After determining the problem, comprehensive information regarding the subject is gathered. Information can be collected from resource people (for example _eld experts), books, and scientific periodicals.

Finding a research subject is the first stage of the research process.

James Lange Theory explains that the body reacts to the nearby events, and when this reaction is noticed, an emotion occurs accompanied with these physiological changes.

This process is called as “assessment”.

Approach of psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), suggested that psychology should study human mind by discovering the unconscious processes. Sigmund Freud was a neurologist and observed and talked with people having psychological problems.

Imagine that you are walking in a park. In park, where there are lots of stimuli that you can potentially perceive such as trees, banks, birds, etc. These are environmental stimuli. When you are walking in the park a distinctive leaf captures your attention. Then, you realize that this thing is not a leaf; it is a leaf-shaped bug. Thus, you focus on the bug. The bug becomes the center of your attention. In other words, it becomes the attended stimulus.

Materialism rejects the idea of mind and body as separate entities. In this approach, the mind is not something spiritual or nonphysical. The mind is just a part of the body. That is, the roots of the mind can be found in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is D.