Method of structuralism was introspection. With the use of introspection, researchers attempted to analyze the basic elements of consciousness (sensations) in laboratory experiments.

Identifying the research problem

First and second examples contradicts Maslow’s theory of needs.

Sociology is the study of human social relationships, structures, institutions, and politics. Philosophy is concerned with nature of existence, and biology is concerned with the living organisms and life. While physiology is concerned with physical processes in organisms, computer science is concerned with computer systems.

Transduction is the transformation of one form of energy into another form of energy. After transforming energy into electrical signals, neurons are activated. These signals are transmitted to the brain. Transmission to the brain is crucial for perception.

According to the theory developed by William James and Carl Lange, the body reacts to the nearby events, and when this reaction is noticed, an emotion occurs accompanied with these physiological changes.

Human beings can see many colors, but they only have 3 types of cones that receive information about color: red, green, and blue.

Incentives refers to non-biological elements that appeal to an individual even if he does not feel any need and trigger him for an action accordingly.

Approach of psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), suggests that psychology should study human mind by discovering the unconscious processes.

The main principle of perception is based on electrical signals that are created in the receptors in our nervous system. Transduction is the transformation of one form of energy into another form of energy. 

Finding a research subject is the first stage of psychological research process because it is impossible to carry out a research before specifying what to search.

Neuropsychology studies human behavior in the context of the brain and nervous system and it attempts to explain how and why the brain and nervous system function in relation with our behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Some general characteristics of casual knowledge is as follows:

-Is based on personal intuition 

-Accumulates mostly on its own 

-Is directed towards instant personal needs

-Is relevant to personal decision-making

-Is relevant to reaching a general truth

-Is mostly biased 

-Includes personal desires and subjective comments

-Is not necessarily organized

The middle ear contains three bones: anvil, stirrup and hammer.

Developmental psychology studies human behavior in the context of aging. It aims to understand how human behavior changes with aging across life.

The correct answer is B, which means that quantitative research uses deductive method. All the other options illustrate the primary features of qualitative research.

Human behavior is multifaceted and complicated and psychology attempts to look at it from different viewpoints. In order to understand behavior, psychology holds five aims: to describe, to explain, to predict, to control, and to improve the behaviors.

Describing refers to identifying how behaviour occurs. Explaining refers to uncovering the causes of behaviour. Predicting refers to foreseeing the behaviour in different conditions. Controlling refers to changing the behaviour by changing its causes. Improving refers to using psychological explanations to promote humans’ wellbeing.

Researchers in psychology measure the behaviors in an objective way in empirical or observational studies.