Libido is the psychic energy that is generated by id. Freud initially defined libido as the source of sexual energy, whereas in his later works he attributed all kinds of psychic energies and life and death instincts (eros and thanatos) to the libido.

Toddlerhood is the period from 18-24 months to 36 months of age. In this period, toddlers explore the environment both physically and psychologically, and discovers her/himself and others.

One of the developmental periods, the infancy period is from birth to 18/24 months. From conception to birth is prenatal period; between 3 and 5 years is early childhood period; from 6 to 10-11 years is middle and late childhood period; and from 10-12 years to 18-21 years is adolescence.

 “Extraversion refers to the quantity and intensity of preferred interpersonal interactions, activity level, need for stimulation, and capacity for joy. People who are high in Extraversion tend to be sociable, active, talkative, person oriented, optimistic, fun loving, and affectionate, whereas people who are low in Extraversion tend to be reserved (but not necessarily unfriendly), sober, aloof, independent, and quiet. Introverts are not unhappy or pessimistic people, but they do not experience the exuberant high spirits that characterize extraverts”

Personification is a term proposed by Sullivan and refers to one’s mental representations of himself/herself and other people.

Individuals have a personality structure that is not in harmony with social expectations and realities. No laws or rules can stop these individuals, who act on their own rules.

According to the lifelong component view, human development does not end with the beginning of adulthood, but it continues throughout years. Thus, each stage of life has its own changes expected within the scope of that stage.

People have a tendency to imitate other people around them. Bandura suggests that
humans can learn through observation rather than through personal experience. In other words, learning can occur by acquiring information about the environment and other people’s behaviors through observation.

The five major archetypes in Jung’s theory are the persona, ego, anima/animus, shadow, and the self. Persona is the mask that we present to other people. Ego is our conscious sense of the self. Anima/animus is the mirror image of our biological sex, indicating the unconscious masculine side in women andfeminine side in men. Shadow, which is very much like id, is the source of our creative and destructive tendencies. Finally, the self indicates a sense of unity.

Adolescence is the period from 10-12 years to 18-21 years of age and starts with the signs of puberty.

Serious psychological problems are called psychosis and they are often treated in hospital environments. Psychosis are categorized as functional and organic psychosis. If no brain damage or disorder such as schizophrenia or psychotic emotional disorders exists, it is called functional psychosis.

Describing refers to identifying how behavior occurs and predicting refers to foreseeing the behavior in different conditions. Controlling refers to changing the behavior by changing its causes, and explaining refers to uncovering the causes of behavior. Improving refers to using psychological explanations to promote humans’ well-being.

Cognitive products refer to the conclusion that the individual will draw from the processed information.

If a student studies hard, s/he gets the highest score on exam. As a result, the probability of studying behavior increases. This is an example of positive reinforcement.

Biological processes arise from physiological structures and they influence the change of human beings in terms of their biological nature. Memorizing names is about the cognitive process.

Edward Tolman was interested in hidden mental processes. To explore mind, he conducted studies in rats. In his experiments by training rats in a maze, Tolman further developed the ‘latent learning’ phenomenon.

The following five common characteristics have been identified in individuals drinking alcohol:

An unmature personality structure displaying self-centered behaviors and having difficulties in establishing genuine emotional relationships with people

Suffering from constant depression and feeling disparity, loneliness and worthlessness

Being highly dependent on people around him

Developing hostility for other people

Not being mature in terms of sexuality.

Neutral stimulus (NS) is a stimulus, which does not produce an unconditioned response.

Insight learning called ‘ah-ha experience’ is one type of cognitive learning that occurs all of a sudden when chimpanzees solve problems in a flash of insight.

The cognitive processes arise from the mental state of an individual, such as thought, memory, attention, language acquisition, etc., Whatever an individual does during mental processing can affect the change in cognitive processes, and, in turn, human development. For example, memorizing names, solving Sudoku puzzle or any other cognitive task, using cognitive map on the roads as a taxi driver influence the change in cognitive processes. The brain system and genes are related to biological processes, and friends and a close friendship are related to socio-emotional processes.