If someone has met his need to be respected and recognized by others, he has met esteem need and the needs below it such as physiological, safety, love and belonging needs. However, he/she has not fulfilled self-actualization which is the utmost need that is at the highest level and fulfilled at the end.

When the baby becomes a toddler (1-3 years of age) s/he proceeds into the Anal Stage as the libido moves from the mouth to the anus. The basic conflict at this stage is toilet training.

“Dissociative amnesia (loss of memory) is about the sudden loss of important information (knowledge) due to stressful and traumatic incidents although the capacity to learn new information is not deteriorated.

Salivation, which is an involuntary behavior, is an unconditioned response (UCR).

The dissociative disorders have in common some type of dissociation or separation in consciousness or identity. Dissociative disorders involve problems with memory, identity, emotion, perception, behavior and sense of self.

Then the baby becomes a toddler (1-3 years of age) s/he proceeds into the Anal Stage as the libido moves from the mouth to the anus. -e basic conflict at this stage is toilet training.

In VR, the reinforcer is presented after a varying, unpredictable number of responses. For example, on a variable ratio 5 (VR 5) schedule, a rat produces an average of 5 lever presses for each food pellet. In VR schedules, response rate is fast. Slot machines at a gambling casino, buying lottery tickets, and fishing are examples of cases available for this type of schedule.

Bandura’s famous experiment is the Bobo Doll experiment (Bandura, 1961). In the experiment, children (boys and girls) watched a movie in which a model (a male of a female) acting aggressively toward a toy called ‘Bobo Doll’,

Superego represents moral rules, social norms and values. In order to meet (or not to violate) these norms, it has to control the impulses of the id. However, superego seeks for perfection in terms of morality, so it might be forbidding and punitive. If the standards of the superego are not met, this might lead to feelings of guilt. Superego operates mostly at the unconscious level.

In Rogers’s person-centered theory, organismic trust refers to one’s trusting their own judgments of right and wrong.

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory emphasizes the importance of observation, imitation, memory, and self-reward.

Taste aversion occurs if a food causes sickness. That food will not be consumed in future.

The preconscious is larger than the conscious, as it keeps more information. At the very bottom of the iceberg there is the unconscious layer, which has the largest area, meaning that the amount of information it holds is inconceivable. The unconscious holds the information that we cannot and do not want to access, such as the aggressive and sexual impulses, unacceptable thoughts, memories.

Extinction occurs because CS and UCS are not presented together anymore, so the association between CS and UCS is weakened. In other words, removal of UCS results in suppression of CR, which is the learned response.

There are four different concepts regarding human cognition. These are; cognitive structures, cognitive content, cognitive processes and cognitive products. Cognitive products refer to the conclusion that the individual will draw from the processed information. True answer is E.

Psychoanalytic theory proposes that personality develops in accordance with the sexual development, that’s why the theory is labelled as “psychosexual development”. Psychosexual development begins at infancy, follows through five stages, and lasts into adulthood. The stages (respectively, Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital) are consecutive, meaning that every child goes through these stages in the same order.

Beginning of modern psychology dates back to the late nineteenth century, when Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) founded first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany

Panic Disorder Disturbingly intense experience of fear or terror despite the lack of rational reason is called panic disorder. The individuals with panic disorder, which is a different type of anxiety disorders and is accompanied with frequent panic attacks, can think that there might be a disaster and therefore feel chest pain.

History and archeology, languages and literature philosophy, ethics,religion, art are some examples for humanities.

Cross cultural psychology studies human behavior in the context of culture, and clinical psychology  is about behavioral, psychological and cognitive problems in humans. And while social psychology is concerned with human behavior in relation with others’ behavior, consumer psychology is concerned with human behavior in marketing.