The individual consistently expresses his wishes and needs according to his own psychological development needs.

Do you think you have a chance not to salivate when you bite into a lemon? The answer is no. In this instance, salivation occurs automatically because of the stimulus, which is a lemon. This type of behavior is called ‘elicited behavior’. Elicited behaviors are involuntary and they are mostly reflexive behaviors.

Sensorimotor is a stage that an infant shapes the way of thinking by combining sensory input with physical actions.

Cognitive Developmental Theory developed by Jean Piaget (1896-1980).

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is a neutral stimulus which gets the ability to produce a response after conditioning.

Rationalization is the defense mechanism that occurs when the ego experiences a feeling of guilt due to an unacceptable drive or because of a faulty behavior and it is difficult for the person to accept the responsibility at conscious level.

Toddlerhood is the period from 18-24 months to 36 months of age.

All the individual variables such as cognitions and personality influence and are being influenced by the situational factors, which in turn shape the behavior. Reciprocal determinism refers to this relationship between the individual and the environment.

Classical conditioning may play an important role in interpersonal attraction. According to the reinforcement-affect model of attraction (Byrne & Clore, 1970), the extent to which we are attracted to someone can be significantly affected by the degree to which the person is associated with events that elicit positive emotions. For this reason, we are generally attracted to people who say and do the kinds of things that make us feel good. Eventually, we feel good just being around such people. The correct answer is A.

Early Childhood is the period that has been described usually as preschool time.

Response is a behavior, which occurs in response to a stimulus.

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) consists of three dimensions: neuroticism versus emotional stability, extraversion versus introversion, and psychoticism versus impulse control. Neuroticism indicates an over-activity of sympathetic nervous system which results in emotional instability.

Describing refers to identifying how behavior occurs and predicting refers to foreseeing the behavior in different conditions. Controlling refers to changing the behavior by changing its causes, and explaining refers to uncovering the causes of behavior. Improving refers to using psychological explanations to promote humans’ well-being.

The process that starts in early adolescence, results from the changes in the brain-neuroendocrine system and triggers rapid physical changes is ‘puberty’. Egocentrism is the inability to differentiate between the child’s own perspective and the perspective of others. Animism ­is the thinking that ­inanimate objects have the same qualities as animate beings and thus they act like animate beings. Assimilation takes place when a child encounters with new ­information and uses h­is/her already ex­istence schemes to handle th­is i­n com­ing informat­ion. Equilibration is making shifts from one mental stage to another.

Quantitative research uses deductive method but qualitative research employs inductive method.

In the ‘positive reinforcement’ procedure, after the behavior occurs, a pleasant stimulus is presented. As a result, the future probability of that behavior increases. For example, if a student studies hard, s/he gets the highest score on exam as a consequence. The future probability of studying behavior would increase as a result of the highest score. -e highest score is the reinforcer.

Conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus which gets the ability to produce a response after conditioning.

The root of operant conditioning comes from Edward Thorndike’s (1874 - 1949) studies on cats.

The answer of the question which means that clinical psychology studies the behavioral, cognitive and emotional problems in humans. This sub-area of psychology deals with an understanding of the determinants of psychological disorders such as depression, stress, phobia and anxiety.

The cognitive approach is mainly concerned with internal events. According to this, psychologists should consider what is going on in the mind to understand behavior and they should study mental events scientifically using controlled experiments.