The lifespan perspective emphasizes that human development is a lifelong process, and it is affected by multidimensional factors, such as biological and social factors. Even though the tradi­ti­onal approach on human development stands for the poi­nt that i­mportant changes take place from infancy to adolescence through ch­ildhood, the li­fespan perspecti­ve on human development gi­ves h­igh i­mportance to all stages of l­ife.

Dissociative amnesia (loss of memory) is about the sudden loss of important information (knowledge) due to stressful and traumatic incidents although the capacity to learn new information is not deteriorated.

Personality disorders are characterized by dysfunctional self-functioning and interpersonal functioning, as well as long-term maladaptive personality traits.

People who have narcissitic personality exaggerate own importance, they have preoccupied with fantasies of success, power, beauty, intelligence, have unreasonable expectations of favorable treatment and take advantage of others to reach his or her own goals. On other hand, The symptoms of anti-social personality disorder are like that:

Not caring about the safety of himself, his acquintances or other people

Disregarding social behaviors and constantly carrying out actions that might lead to his arrestment

Displaying dishonest behaviors such as telling lies constantly, using different nicknames and deceiving others for personal benefits or just for pleasure

Displaying sudden behaviors without considering the consequences, not making any plans for future

Bad temper or tendency to be involved in fights and attacks.

There are 4 types of procedures that one can follow in operant conditioning. In other words, there are four possible ways to change behavior based on the principles of operant conditioning.
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Positive punishment
• Negative punishment

Neutral reinforcement is NOT one of these procedures. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

While basic physiological needs such as hunger and thirst are placed at the bottom step, the top step houses self-realization, which is about individuals’ using all their potentials, as the highest level need in the hierarchy.

Psychoanalysis is a different approach for studying human behavior, but the other options are the philosophical roots of psychology.

The behaviorist approach emphasizes the relationship between stimulus and response and the behaviorist researchers study this relationship. They are primarily concerned with observable things, so they are not interested in internal mental aspects such as emotions, thoughts, motivation. According to behaviorists, only observable behaviors can be objectively measured. In this respect, the aim of psychology as a discipline should be to study psychology scientifically.

Unlike classical and operant conditioning, Bandura’s social learning theory suggests that it is not necessary to perform any behavior or receive any reinforcer to learn.

Köhler suggested that, chimpanzees solve problems in a flash of insight. It is like the ah-ha feeling. So, insight learning is also called ‘ah-ha experience’ because it occurs all of a sudden.

All other concepts indicated in the options in A, B, C, and D are four concepts regarding human cognition used to judge an individual’s mental state. However, the option E, that is, cognitive disorders is not one of these concepts.

Bandura’s famous Bobo Doll experiment shows that learning a behavior and performing it are two different things, which is an example of the learning–performance distinction. Thus, Bandura’s Social Learning Theory distingushes between learning and performance.

Ego is the rational part of the mind. Ego is concerned with behaving in a way that is socially acceptable.

According to the lifespan perspective, human development is not affected only by factors in childhood and adolescence but also factors in adulthood.

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) consists of three dimensions: neuroticism versus emotional stability, extraversion versus introversion, and psychoticism versus impulse control. Psychoticism is related with male sex hormones and indicates an impulsive and aggressive tendency. Eysenck argued that these dimensions should be conceived as a spectrum, meaning that each person possesses all the dimensions in varying degrees and that these result in individual differences.

Freud indicated that at the phallic stage, girls realize that they don’t have a penis. In turn, girls feel as if they are disabled and incomplete, and blame their mothers for their loss. -is is called penis envy.

Adolescence is the period that lasts from 10-12 years to 18-21 years of age and in which dramatic changes in hormones and physiology take place. These changes include voice, growth of facial and public hair and breasts.

Latent learning refers to a type of cognitive learning in which learning occurs without any obvious reinforcer. In this type of learning, there is also no demonstration of the learned behavior until a reinforcer is given.

A response is a behavior, which occurs in response to a stimulus.

Alfred Adler was an Austrian psychiatrist. Contrary to Freud, he thought that the conscious efforts (rather than unconscious forces) play a more significant role on the personality and behavior. He later developed the theory of Individual Psychology and the most important term in his theory is Inferiority Complex.