Conditioned Stimulus is a neutral stimulus which gets the ability to produce a response after conditioning.

When the changes in behavior occur for other reasons such as maturation, reflexes, we cannot define it as a learned behavior. Therefore, Option E is a reflex for a baby and cannot be defined as a learned behavior.

According to Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, children actively develop their mind and understanding of the world through social interaction and cultural tools.

Multiple personality of illness one individual displays a different personalities and identities. The patient controls the personality, attitudes and behaviors he/she has at that moment as if the other identity does not exist.

Social phobia can be observed in some people as the fear of speaking in front of people. Social phobias may simply be extreme forms of shyness.

Punisher any stimulus which decreases the probability of the preceding response.

In 4-8 months, in secondary circular reactions substage, babies are more oriented to objects and constantly reproduce the actions, which results in pleasure. In 18-24 months, in internalization of schemes substage, babies can use mental representations and symbols. In 12-18 months, in tertiary circular reactions, novelty and curiosity substage, Babies are confused by various stimuli and experience new actions.

Respondent behavior is involuntary and doesn’t need to be learned. Conversely, operant behavior is a learned response that occurs voluntarily. It is shaped by the reinforcements following the behavior.

Preoperational is a stage that symbolic thinking of a child increases with word usage and increased mental images, and child move forward from sensoryphysical combinations to operations.

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that manifests itself in the form of alternating periods of depression and mania and it mostly develops in the late teen years or during early adulthood.

Elicited behaviors are involuntary and they are mostly reflexive behaviors. The correct answer is A.

Suppression is the conscious attempt to hide or prevent unacceptable thoughts, feelings and motives.

Subjective tests refer to the interview method. The interview questions vary depending on the context; whether it is a clinical or a job interview. For instance, a clinical interview generally include, questions about present and past experiences. Projective Tests are different from subjective and objective measures of personality in the sense that they are specifically designed in order to assess unconscious thoughts and motives that contribute to certain behavioral patterns. Projective tests have been criticized for not being reliable and valid, however as the tests provide valuable information that cannot be attained by subjective and objective measures of personality, they are still widely used in clinical settings by skilled psychologists.

In the ‘negative reinforcement’ procedure, after the behavior occurs, an unpleasant stimulus is removed. As a result, the future probability of that behavior increases. For example, when it is getting cold, you wear your jacket; as a consequence you avoid getting cold.

Neutral stimulus (NS) is a stimulus, which does not produce an unconditioned response.

Sexual disorder called “rape” rarely occurs as a result of an uncontrolled sudden drive. The reasons of rape can be listed as follows:

Hatred for opposite sex

Wish to prove oneself

Wrong belief that the victim wants this action or encourages it to happen

Regarding the other sex as an object.

The basic emotions ensuring adaptation to the environment are listed as follows:

• fear
• joy
• anger
• sadness
• disgust
• anticipation
• acceptance
• surprise

Love is not one of them.

Receiving the salary at the beginning of each month is an example for fixed-interval schedule. In fixed-interval schedule, the reinforcement is provided after a specific amount of time has elapsed.

In Variable Ratio, the reinforcer is presented after a varying, unpredictable number of responses. For example, on a variable ratio 5 schedule, a rat produces an average of 5 lever presses for each food pellet. In variable ratio schedules, response rate is fast. Slot machines at a gambling casino, buying lottery tickets, and fishing are examples of cases available for this type of schedule.

Learning types are mainly defined based on two approaches. The first approach is the behaviorist approach and the second one is the cognitive approach. Both classical conditioning and operant conditioning are mentioned in the behaviorist approach.