Projective tests refer to a method of personality assessment which is specifically designed to assess unconscious thoughts and motives that contribute to behavioral patterns.

Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive, exaggerated anxiety and worry about everyday life events with no obvious reasons for worry.

The first one is physiological needs which consists of basic needs for survival, like oxygen, food, water, and sleep.

The cognitive approach is mainly concerned with internal events. According to this, psychologists should consider what is going on in the mind to understand behavior and they should study mental events scientifically using controlled experiments.

Socio-cultural cognitive theory developed by Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) suggests that children follow four cognitive developmental stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Duri­ng these stages, two processes help chi­ldren to construct their mi­nd and shape the­ir way of th­ink­ing about the world as they go through these stages: organi­zati­on and adaptation. Each stage represents a distinct way of thinking, and a child adopts d­ifferent way of thinking ­in each stage.

Stimulus generalization means to respond to stimuli similar to the original CS. So, learned response occurs not only to the original CS, but also to other stimuli, which are similar to original CS.

In the ‘positive reinforcement’ procedure, after the behavior occurs, a pleasant stimulus is presented. As a result, the future probability of that behavior increases.In the ‘negative reinforcement’ procedure, after the behavior occurs, an unpleasant stimulus is removed. As a result, the future probability of that behavior increases. As a result, both positive and negative reinforcement increase the probability of response being repeated!

Erikson proposed that human development follows a process based on psychosocial stages rather than psychosexual stages. Contrary to Freud’s theory, Erikson suggested that the basic motivation of humans is being social and associating with other human beings, beyond sexual instincts.

Harry Stack Sullivan was an American psychologist. His views diverged from that of Freud’s especially in the sense that Sullivan gave a special emphasis on the role of interpersonal relations (especially the relations with significant others) in shaping one’s personality. Moreover, he suggested the term personafications: one’s mental representations of herself/himself and other people.

Educational psychology is related to school behavior like participating in class in relation with biological, social and psychological properties. However, forensic psychology is concerned with judicial behavior, music psychology is about music behavior, sports psychology is about sports behavior and political psychology is concerned with political behavior.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) produces a reflexive response automatically; therefore, it does not require learning. For example; food, loud noises, painful stimuli.

When the dog does not salivate in response to other stimuli similar to CS, this means the dog has learned to discriminate the stimuli, and it only salivates in
response to the original CS. This phenomenon is called stimulus discrimination.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is criticized because of some exceptions observed in practical terms. To illustrate with, although some families have difficulties in meeting their first level physiological needs due to financial problems, they might satisfy their “being together” need, which is a need at a higher level. In other words, despite financial problems, a family may succeed in being together. In addition, a person brought up in a family giving importance to education may spend his money on books rather than on food even if he is hungry.

Adolescence is the period from 10-12 years to 18-21 years of age and starts with the signs of puberty.

Goodness of fit is defined as the match between the infant’s temperament and environmental demands.

In classical psychoanalysis, erogenous zones refer to the parts of the body that the libido is located during various stages of psychosexual development. iese are basically the mouth, anus, and the sex organs.

Development is a process which exhibits a pattern of change in the growth of someone throughout his/her lifespan.

Biological approach explains abnormal behaviors through faulty processes due to genetical factors or organic function disorders in the nervous system and glands. Whatever the problem is, this model has three assumptions: Patient suffers from a physical or emotional pain due to an illness. It is possible to diagnose this illness by identifying certain symptoms. Each illness has a unique and certain reason. On the other hand, sociocultural approach makes the assumption that people’s behavior both normal and abnormal is shaped by the kind of family group, society, and culture in which they live.

Egocentrism is defined as the inability to differentiate between the child’s own perspective and the perspective of others.

Neo-Freudians accepted the basic notions of psychoanalytic approach. However, they mainly discussed the generalizability and universality of Oedipus complex and libido.