Esteem needs include being respected and recognized by others.

İnstinct refers to stereotype behavior patterns of a whole species.

These elements are called “incentives”.

Stimulus is an event in the environment.

The most important characteristic of simple schizophrenia is the tendency to introvertness, in which he/she gets away from realities and becomes an introvert individual. Feeling superior and bullying are the characteristics of paranoid schizophrenia. The most characteristic symptoms of hebephrenic schizophrenia are as follows: childish talk, giggling, disconnected talk, gestures and mimics, self-talking, crying jags following reasonless laughers, too much interest in feces and urine, smearing feces on clothes or walls, showing sexual organs with no feeling of shame, tantrums and bad temper.

Concrete Operational is a stage that a child is able to understand reasoning of concrete events, analyzing events and objects into various sets.

One of the most common obsession of obsessive-compulsive disorder is being afraid of harm. For instance, always being afraid of someone’s giving harm to his/her child. Obsessive-compulsive disorders are related to phobic disorders in that both involve severe anxiety and both may appear in the same patient. However, there are important differences. Phobic patients seldom ruminate about their fears, nor do they show ritualistic compulsive behavior. And the two disorders are evoked by different stimuli. Dirt, germs, and harm to others – common obsessive compulsive preoccupations – seldom cause major problems for phobic individuals.

There are four possible ways to change behavior based on the principles of operant conditioning: Positive reinforcement, Negative reinforcement, Positive punishment, Negative punishment.

Chemical messengers such as testosterone hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands strongly influence the human sex drive for both men and women. Testosterone level alone does not determine sexual desire (Morris, 1996). Some people have active interest in sex in spite of their low testosterone level.

Hypochondriasis refers to the situation when an individual is too much interested in his /her body functions and develops irrational beliefs about disorders or illnesses affecting the functions of his /her internal organs.

According to Marcia (1994), an adolescent solves his/her crisis based on a four-status identity. These status types consist of identity diffusion, identity egocentrism, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium and identity achievement. Identity egocentrism is not a component of this status.

Learning is the process by which practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior.

Bandura suggests that humans can learn through observation rather than through personal experience. In other words, learning can occur by acquiring information about the environment and other people’s behaviors through observation. No personal experience or practice is needed to learn something.

Operant Conditioning is a type of learning associating behaviors with their results and consequences.

All these assumptions indicated in I, II, and III are all basic assumptions of cognitive approach.

The developmental theories and their developers/ famous theorists are psychosexual theory – Sigmund Freud; psychosocial theory – Erik Erikson; cognitive development theory – Jean Piaget; socio-cultural cognitive theory – Lev Vygotsky; and behavioral theory – B.F. Skinner.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) produces a reflexive response automatically; therefore, it does not require learning. For example; food, loud noises, painful stimuli.

Delusions are False ideas, like everyone around him/her spying on him.

In addition to innate motives such as hunger, thirst and sexuality, individuals acquire new motives through learning. Social motives - which include being together, power and affiliation-are about interpersonal relationships and as influential as unlearned motives on human behaviors.

Rather than being a basic emotion ensuring adaptation to the environment, respect is regarded as a need in the hierarchy of individuals. Respect does not belong to the category mentioned in the question. Therefore, the correct answer is A.