Countermeasures shall not affect, that is, cannot suspend:

1. the obligation to refrain from the threat or use of force as embodied in the Charter of the United Nations,
2. obligations for the protection of fundamental human rights,
3. obligations of a humanitarian character prohibiting reprisals,
4. other obligations under peremptory norms of general international law (Art. 50).

As a result, all of the statements are correct. The correct option is E.

The force majeure as a defense is available only where the following three elements are met:
• the act in question must be brought about by an irresistible force or by an unforeseen
event,
• which is beyond the control of the State concerned, and
• which makes it materially impossible in the circumstances to perform the obligation.

The Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, consisting of 18 independent members with legal or diplomatic background, exists under the 1966 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Unlike the committees under the two human rights Covenants, the expenses of the Committee under the CERD are borne by the states parties to the Convention

Human rights differ from other rights in two respects. First, human rights are characterized by being: Inherent in all human beings by virtue of their being humans; Inalienable; Equally applicable to all. Second, the main duties deriving from human
rights fall on states and their authorities or agents, not on individuals. As a corollary of this, human rights must be protected by law (‘the rule of law’).

Another approach to human rights is legal positivism. Under the positivist theory, the
source of human rights is to be found only in the enactments of law with sanctions attached to it.

Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia investigated the crimes of the Red Khmer era.

The concept of human rights dates back to antiquity. One can find reference to rights in many national documents. The first reference of personal liberties is found in the Magna Carta of 1215 in England. Other notable references prior to the 19th century are the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights and the 1789 French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The institutionalization of human rights in national documents penetrated into the international system at the end of the 18th century.

Apart from the 4 cases listed among the options, Spanish zone of Morocco claims (1931), Judge Huber decided that the responsibility of the incident falls on the state. 

The focal point of Marxism is to recognize the contextuality of human rights in terms of the conditions of a society. Answer A, the Marxist approach is the answer.

The Draft Articles in Chapter V of Part One enlist these defenses under the heading of “circumstances precluding wrongfulness,” though they are not exclusive. It sets out six circumstances (defenses):
• Consent (Art. 20),
• Self-defense (Art. 21),
• Countermeasures (Art. 22),
• Force majeure (Art. 23),Distress (Art. 24),
• Necessity (Art. 25).

Jurisdiction ratione temporis (temporal jurisdiction) refers to the jurisdiction of a court of law over a proposed action in relation to the passage of time

The ICC consists of 18 judges. The number may be increased on a proposal of the Presidency.

The second generation consists of economic, social and cultural rights, which were propagated and recognized after the advent of socialism in the twentieth century.

The natural law theory led to the natural rights theory, which is most closely associated with the modern concept of human rights. The chief exponent of this theory was John Locke. Natural rights theory emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. Accordingly, the individual possesses basic human rights and everyone is inherently entitled to these rights as a human being, independent of whether or not these rights are recognized by the ruler.

According to subjective territorial principle, a state has jurisdiction over a crime when it is commenced within the state but completed or consummated abroad.

1998

The Charter draws upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the two International
Covenants on Human Rights and the Cairo
Declaration on Human Rights in Islam.

In 2014, the member States of the Arab League,
by way of a treaty, adopted the Statute of the Arab
Court of Human Rights. 

Under international law, certain degree of
exemption and immunity from local jurisdiction is
enjoyed by the following:
• Foreign sovereigns and foreign states,
• Foreign public ships,
• Foreign armed forces,
• International organizations,
• Diplomatic representatives and consuls of
foreign states.

The conclusion of numerous other treaties have made the following acts international crimes: aircraft hijacking, unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation, trafficking in women and children, trafficking in narcotic drugs, counterfeiting of currency, kidnapping of diplomats and taking of hostages