With regard to regionalism, Europe remains the most advanced and integrated region.

Last but not least, this model encourages the closed-door diplomacy, as some members may seek economic and diplomatic ways of convincing and even compelling others. 

Realism argues that organizations are a result of States’ seek of security. 

In the voting method, each member casts its vote on a draft resolution and the decision is deemed to be taken if the affirmative votes exceed a certain number or ratio. In simple majority, the affirmative vote requirement is more than half of all votes cast. In qualified majority, affirmative votes should be more than half of the votes cast. Finally unanimity, contrary to the general understanding, does not require affirmative votes of all members but simply seeks that no single negative vote is cast. So absences or abstentions are ignored which in turn means that members that do not effectively want to block (“veto”) a resolution may well prefer either not participating the voting or being present but casting a blank vote. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is C. Consensus is a model where decisions are taken without voting. Each and every member holds the right to express its opinion on a draft resolution. Objections, suggestions, proposals and amendment requests are voiced until a compromise and consent is reached at. At a point where no party raises further issues, the resolution is assumed to be assented. In cases where the matter in question directly relates a member State, the organizations may prefer consensus minus one procedure according to which that State is denied to have its say due to the principle nemo judex in sua causa (no-one should be a judge in his own cause).

Economic Commission For Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has proved to be the most effective of the regional commissions.

Indeed, NATO for example, not only asks its member States “to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies”, but also encourages “economic collaboration between any or all of them” (Article 2). 

Regional commissions have a plenary body, and decisions are taken by a majority of those present and voting. They meet annually, except ECLA that meets every two years.

Secretariat is the body that in fact both supplies and represents the legal personality of the organization. The routine daily work of the organization is done by this body which also coordinates all relevant internal and external activities in line with the aims, rules and principles set out in the statute of the organization. 

Some organizations such as Organization of American States (OAS) and Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) are in the meaning of Chapter VIII. Arab League and former Organization of African Union were treated as regional organizations by the UN generally.

Functionalists would argue that experiencing the benefits of cooperation in technical and economic fields would lead to cooperation in security and political issues as well. They call it the spillover impact.

The correct choice is C.

All of them are among phases of economic integration.

Diffusion is the affect of an organization on institutional structure or decision-making mechanism of another organization.

The correct choice is E.

There were three changes made at the San Francisco Conference regarding the regional groupings or agencies. First, a provision stressing the desirability of using regional arrangements and agencies for the peaceful settlement was inserted. Second, the requirement of Security Council authorization for enforcement action under regional arrangement were waived in the case of measures taken against an enemy state under Article 107 of the Charter or under “regional arrangements directed against the renewal of aggressive policy” by any such state. Third, by the terms of Article 51 of the Charter, “the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations” was safeguarded. All three statements are correct.

Realism argue that organizations are a result of States’ seek of security.

Regional security governance has not functioned well at all in the Middle East.

In the case of delegation, the authority of deciding is transferred from the member states to the organization. According to the Westphalian state system since the 17th century, it is acknowledged that states do have sovereignty.

In the old regionalism approach states are supposed to play the biggest role in the regional formations. It is the states, their leaders and their actions that determined the regional structures.

The correct choice is B.

There are also major theoretical approaches that endeavour to explain regional and international organizations. It must be emphasised at the outset that theories do not determine and designate politics. International actors such as States, organizations and other emerging non-State actors do shape politics. Theories simply claim to explain politics from usually solely a certain angle.

Realism argue that organizations are a result of States’ seek of security. They, as the main if not the sole actor of international relations, simply want to maximise their interests and survive in a world of homo homini lupus.

Liberals (idealists, rationalists) think differently. They suggest that States are not (potential) enemies but (potential) partners, as they basically stand for providing welfare and peace to their respective citizens. It then means that cooperation especially in between economically coherent States is vital.

Regional organizations in particular are established to foster common interests and thus realise the win-win principle. Mutual interdependence thus fixed intensifies and deepens over time in such a fashion that war and even conflict becomes needles and even undesired. The most advanced version of this approach is represented by the functionalist integration theories. As used to explain supranational regional organizations such as the EU, it is argued that a close cooperation on non-controversial practical, technical, economic and legal issues rather than political and military ones would not only create a “common peace and welfare zone”, but also strengthen a sense of commonness and togetherness in between citizens. 

Critical theories usually emphasises the uneven and hegemonic nature of international and regional relations. They argue that organization of relations at all social and political levels has a hierarchical rather than cooperative character.

As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All statements related to theoretical approaches given are correct.

Peacekeeping operations became a new area of cooperation between the UN and regional arrangements in the 1990s.