It is assumed and expected that establishing institutional mechanism among States which are not only trade-partners but have interdependent and even complementary economies would have a win-win affect. Such solidarity organizations are established in order to facilitate and foster trade relations and economic cooperation in between States that usually share common borders. As such organizations mostly reduce and even lift trade barriers, tariffs and other restrictions and thus increase trade volumes, they not only improve the welfare of the citizens of the member States but also foster the regional economy as a whole. Some regional organizations go even further and aim supranational economic, social and even political integration, as is the case for the EU which somehow constitutes a role-model for many regional organizations across the world.

International organizations are international legal persons which are established by an international agreement duly signed and put into effect by the governmental bodies of at least three states. 

Although there are some small differences, principal functions and purposes of the commissions are as follows:

-to initiate and participate in measures for facilitating regional economic development,

- raise the level of economic activity in the
respective region,

- maintain and strengthen economic relationships among the states of the region and with other states,

- to investigate and study economic and technological problems and developments,

- to collect, evaluate and disseminate economic, technological and statistical information

All of them are among the purposes of regional organizations.

Organization as functional interfaces of cooperation are usually established for three general concrete reasons particularly at regional levels: Military alliance, economic cooperation and dealing with common “technical” issues.

Economic development is one of the main economic goals of regional organizations.

The United Nations was established in 1945. 

The implementation gap refers to the difference or vacuum between the declared goals and actual achievements of regional organizations.

The two best known and most quoted theories of international politics are realism and liberalism.

“The Securty Council shall, where appropriate, utilize such regional arrangements or agencies for enforcement action under its authority. But no enforcement action shall be taken under regional arrangements or by regional agencies without the authorization of the Security Council...” It's how it says according to Article 53/1. Correct answer is A.

Shallow versus institutional regionalism is another way of classifying different regionalisms. Shallow regionalism represents a kind of regionalism that is based on cooperation among states.

Old Regionalism: A type of regionalism in which states play the most important role. According to this approach, regions are considered to be fixed structures. In the old regionalism approach states are supposed to play the biggest role in the regional formations. It is the states, their leaders and their actions that determined the regional structures. Regions are considered to be fixed entities.

The legal basis of regional organizations is provided by the UN Charter. The Charter, which prohibits threat and use of force in its Article 2/4, permits States to defend themselves against an armed attack individually or collectively (Article 51).

Regional organizations are not established to impose sanctions.

The correct choice is D.

Ban Ki-moon was the eighth Secretary- General of the United Nations.

Membership first and foremost means holding all legal rights and privileges that stem from membership such as participating at the meetings, operations and decision-making processes of the organization on an equal footing. Organizations designate their membership criteria and application procedures in their statutes. Although founding members might have a certain degree of psychopolitical advantage, it is the full-membership that counts. Organizations, on the other hand, are also open to observer members which are sometimes called “contact States”, “dialog partners” etc..  As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer B.

Ban Ki-Moon focused on the African Union in his own report on the cooperation between the UN and the regional organizations issued on 24 March 2008.