Qualitative research is defined as a method where perceptions and events can be pictured in their natural environments with a holistic and realistic perspective through use of qualitative data collection techniques such as observation, interview, focus groups and document analysis. Surveys are used for quantitative research methods.

A worldview that carries basic assumptions about the nature of reality, and how such a reality can be known by human beings, although most of these assumptions are implicit in the ordinary day-to-day practices.

Interpretive, constructivist position has some connections with idealism, however, it differs in many respects. Constructivism has no claims to existence of an immaterial world. They are similar in the sense that both acknowledge the role of human mind in human perception, human reality, and human knowledge.

A qualitative research may never make sure if a document that is not used at a given time will be necessary in future. Thus, it is crucial not to get rid of any documents as they might be relevant at a later time. The correct answer is A. 

Primary building blocks of quantitative research are the variables (Christensen et al., 2014).

Interpretive phenomenology defines interpretation as revelation of concealed things within human relations and experiences. Therefore, interpretive phenomenology focuses on meanings embedded in individuals’ lives rather than simple definitions of concepts and their qualities. The correct answer is A.

Another qualitative research design that can
be employed in IR is phenomenology, which is
rooted in philosophy and psychology and where
participants’ experiences about a phenomenon
defined by them are described. As obvious by
definition, phenomenological research aims to
determine individuals’ own perceptions and
experiences through their own standpoint

A mixed method research includes (i) hypothesis or quantitative research questions (ii) qualitative research questions, and (iii) mixed method research questions. As you know, previous sections have been dedicated to explaining how hypothesis or quantitative and qualitative research questions should be written and what their characteristics are. 

While planning mixed method research studies, research questions should be written in a way that transcends quantitative and qualitative methods and requires use of mixed method. In other words, mixed method research questions should not emphasize only quantitative or qualitative research approaches but they should combine both methods. Writing research questions in this way is also known as method centered approach. However, writing research questions in this way entails a certain command of knowledge about mixed method designs. Accordingly, a researcher should develop her/his research questions compatible with the research design s/he will employ.

The second approach to writing mixed method research questions is labeled as content-centered approach. 

A priori proposition/knowledge is a concept that refers to propositions or knowledge gained through rational means like thinking and reasoning. In other words, they don’t come from sense experience, or they are prior to the experience.

Phenomenology is a qualitative research design focusing on perceptions and meanings that individuals develop based on their experiences.

Repeated-Measurement design is preferred when the precise time for the emergence of independent variable’s effect is not certain and it is not clear when to conduct the most reliable pre-test.

Quantitative research makes generalizations. 

Sensitivity to natural environment refers to the condition that the focal phenomenon/phenomena or event(s) of a qualitative research has/have to be examined in their natural environment, or context. This specifically means that any phenomenon or event studied via qualitative research can never be manipulated. The correct answer is B. 

Anomaly: An anomaly is defined by Kuhn as a deviation of the “paradigm-induced expectations that govern normal science”

By answering the question "Who has written the longest research paper related to your topic?", a researcher cannot demonstrate the “gap” in the literature to prove that his/her work is worth studying. Such question including quantity of another work has no importance in contributing to the research. Therefore, the answer is C.

First major criterion for rigor in qualitative research is “internal validity” (trustworthiness), which means questioning the true value of the research for trustworthiness and to clarify the question “Does this research have a valid value?” Answering the questions below could be advised to establish trustworthiness for a given research. The correct answer is C.

Face-to-face experiment is not of the types of experimental research design. The correct answer is E. 

The term variable is used to refer to features that can change.

A variable can bear at least two different values.

Depending on their values and control types, variables are classified in two groups.

With respect to their values, they are labeled as either discrete or continuous variables. If a variable can only assume certain values or options, and if it can be expressed through only whole numbers, then it is a discrete variable. Continuous variables, on the contrary, are those that can take any value between their bottom and top limits, that is to say, they can be expressed in fractions. 

As for the control types, variables are classified into three: dependent, independent, and control variables.